7(a)(i)
C — restriction enzyme.
A is incorrect because DNA polymerase is used to synthesise DNA. B is incorrect because integrase inserts DNA into other DNA. D is incorrect because reverse transcriptase synthesises DNA using an RNA template. (1)
7(a)(ii)
Any three of:
- restriction enzymes recognise specific base sequences; (1)
- recognition sites are not equally spaced along the DNA; (1)
- the enzyme hydrolyses/breaks phosphodiester bonds; (1)
- therefore different-sized fragments move different distances/speeds through the gel. (1)
Accept different enzymes cut at different sites / different cutting sites result in different length fragments.
7(b)(i)
- 0.2. (1)
- 794 / 871 / 873 / 1000. (1)
7(b)(ii)
Indication of spot positioned between the origin and the 10 000 spot. Do not accept if clearly overlapping. Ecf from 7(b)(i): if answer in 7(b)(i) is greater than 0.25, the spot would be below the 10 000 spot. (1)
7(c)
More molecules/bonds, smaller spaces or fewer spaces, so higher resistance/friction; accept harder to move for higher resistance. (1)
7(d)(i)
Any two of:
- bacterial genome/chromosome / bacterial nucleoid; (1)
- plasmid; (1)
- mitochondrial DNA / mtDNA; (1)
- chloroplast DNA / cpDNA; (1)
Accept cccDNA formed by some viruses inside cell nuclei, or viral extrachromosomal circular DNA. Do not accept ribosomes, cytoplasm, or viruses alone.
7(d)(ii)
Any two of:
- linear DNA has 3′ and 5′ ends but circular DNA does not; (1)
- linear DNA is associated with more proteins/histones than circular DNA; accept converse / circular DNA is supercoiled but linear DNA is not; (1)
- linear DNA will have unbound phosphate/deoxyribose but circular DNA will not; (1)
- linear DNA will have one fewer phosphodiester bond than circular DNA with the same number of mononucleotides. (1)