22. Quantum physics
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22.1 Energy and momentum of a photon
22.1.1Electromagnetic radiation has a particulate nature
• understand that electromagnetic radiation has a particulate nature
22.1.2A photon is a quantum of electromagnetic energy
• understand that a photon is a quantum of electromagnetic energy
22.1.3E = hf
• recall and use E = hf
22.1.4The electronvolt (eV) as a unit of energy
• use the electronvolt (eV) as a unit of energy
22.1.5A photon has momentum and that the momentum is given by p = E / c
• understand that a photon has momentum and that the momentum is given by p = E / c
22.2 Photoelectric effect
22.2.1Photoelectrons may be emitted from a metal surface when it is illuminated by
• understand that photoelectrons may be emitted from a metal surface when it is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation
22.2.2The terms threshold frequency and threshold wavelength
• understand and use the terms threshold frequency and threshold wavelength
22.2.3Photoelectric emission in terms of photon energy and work function energy
• explain photoelectric emission in terms of photon energy and work function energy
22.2.4Hf = Φ + 1/2 mvmax 2
• recall and use hf = Φ + 1/2 mvmax 2
22.2.5Why the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is independent of
• explain why the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is independent of intensity, whereas the photoelectric current is proportional to intensity
22.3 Wave–particle duality
22.3.1The photoelectric effect provides evidence for a particulate nature of
• understand that the photoelectric effect provides evidence for a particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation while phenomena such • As interference and diffraction provide evidence for a wave nature
22.3.2And interpret qualitatively the evidence provided by electron diffraction
• describe and interpret qualitatively the evidence provided by electron diffraction for the wave nature of particles
22.3.3The de Broglie wavelength as the wavelength associated with a moving
• understand the de Broglie wavelength as the wavelength associated with a moving particle
22.3.4Λ = h / p
• recall and use λ = h / p
22.4 Energy levels in atoms and line spectra
22.4.1There are discrete electron energy levels in isolated atoms (e.g. atomic
• understand that there are discrete electron energy levels in isolated atoms (e.g. atomic hydrogen)
22.4.2The appearance and formation of emission and absorption line spectra
• understand the appearance and formation of emission and absorption line spectra
22.4.3Hf = E1 – E2
• recall and use hf = E1 – E2