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CAIE A-Level Biology 8.2.2 Chloride Shift and Charge Balance

Practise tracing HCO₃⁻ out of red cells as Cl⁻ enters to maintain electrical neutrality, then reverse the exchange in lung capillaries as CO₂ is regenerated.

Syllabus
2028–2030
Course
Biology 9700
Level
AS

Exam points

  • trace hydrogencarbonate out of red blood cells as chloride enters from plasma
  • explain chloride exchange as maintenance of electrical neutrality across the membrane
  • reverse ion movement in lung capillaries as carbon dioxide is regenerated and exhaled

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