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CAIE A-Level Biology 2.4.2 Water Properties and Biological Roles

Practise linking water polarity to ion hydration and hydrogen bonding to high specific heat capacity or latent heat in transport, temperature stability and cooling.

Syllabus
2028–2030
Course
Biology 9700
Level
AS

Exam points

  • explain ionic or polar solutes dissolving through attraction to water’s partial charges
  • link high specific heat capacity with stable temperatures in cells and aquatic habitats
  • link high latent heat of vaporisation with heat loss during sweating or transpiration

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