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19. Genetic Technology

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  1. 19.1 Principles of Genetic Technology

    1. • Recombinant DNA definition

    2. • Genetic engineering: deliberate manipulation of genetic material, transferring genes for expression

    3. • Gene sources: - Extracted from donor DNA - Synthesised from donor mRNA - Synthesised chemically from nucleotides

    4. • Roles in gene transfer: restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, plasmids, DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase

    5. • Promoter transfer alongside desired gene

    6. • Confirm gene expression using marker genes coding for fluorescent products

    7. • Gene editing: insertion, deletion, or replacement of DNA at specific genome sites

    8. • PCR to clone and amplify DNA: Taq polymerase role

    9. • Gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments by length

    10. • Microarrays: genome analysis, detecting mRNA in gene expression studies

    11. • Databases: nucleotide sequences of genes/genomes, amino acid sequences of proteins, protein structures

  2. 19.2 Genetic Technology Applied to Medicine

    1. 19.2.1Recombinant human proteins

      • Recombinant human proteins for disease treatment: insulin, factor VIII, adenosine deaminase

    2. 19.2.2Genetic screening advantages

      • Genetic screening advantages: breast cancer (BRCA1/BRCA2), Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis

    3. 19.2.3Gene therapy for genetic diseases

      • Gene therapy for genetic diseases: SCID, inherited eye diseases

    4. 19.2.4Genetic medicine considerations

      • Social and ethical considerations of genetic screening and gene therapy

  3. 19.3 Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture

    1. • Genetic engineering solving food demand: improve quality and productivity

    2. • Examples: GM salmon, herbicide resistance (soybean), insect resistance (cotton)

    3. • Ethical and social implications of GMOs in food production