Learning objective
E.3.1—Isotopes
• Isotopes.
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Course review
E.3 Radioactive decay
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Learning objective
E.3.2—Binding energy and mass defect
• Nuclear binding energy and mass defect. • Mass defect connects nuclear mass loss with binding energy.
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Learning objective
E.3.3—Binding energy curve
• Use binding energy per nucleon variation with nucleon number.
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Learning objective
E.3.4—Mass-energy equivalence
• Mass-energy equivalence in nuclear reactions: E=mc^2.
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Learning objective
E.3.5—Strong nuclear force
• Strong nuclear force is short-range and attractive between nucleons.
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Learning objective
E.3.6—Random radioactive decay
• Radioactive decay is random and spontaneous.
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Learning objective
E.3.7—Decay nuclear changes
• Alpha, beta and gamma decays change nuclear state differently.
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Learning objective
E.3.8—Decay equations
• Write radioactive decay equations for α, β-, β+ and γ.
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Learning objective
E.3.9—Neutrinos and antineutrinos
• Existence of neutrinos ν and antineutrinos ν. • Neutrinos and antineutrinos are required in beta decay.
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Learning objective
E.3.10—Radiation penetration and ionization
• Compare penetration and ionizing ability of α, β and γ radiation.
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Learning objective
E.3.11—Activity, count rate and half-life
• Activity, count rate and half-life in radioactive decay.
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Learning objective
E.3.12—Half-life changes
• Use integer half-lives to track activity and count rate changes.
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Learning objective
E.3.13—Background radiation
• Effect of background radiation on count rate. • Correct count rate for background radiation.
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Learning objective
E.3.14 (HL)—Evidence for strong force
• Evidence supports the strong nuclear force.
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Learning objective
E.3.15 (HL)—Neutron-proton ratio
• Neutron-to-proton ratio affects nuclide stability.
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Learning objective
E.3.16 (HL)—Binding energy above A≈60
• Binding energy per nucleon is approximately constant above A≈60.
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Learning objective
E.3.17 (HL)—Discrete nuclear energy levels
• Alpha and gamma spectra show discrete nuclear energy levels.
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Learning objective
E.3.18 (HL)—Beta spectrum and neutrino
• Continuous beta spectrum is evidence for the neutrino.
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Learning objective
E.3.19 (HL)—Radioactive decay law
• Radioactive decay law: N=N0e^(-λt).
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Learning objective
E.3.20 (HL)—Decay constant meaning
• Decay constant approximates unit-time decay probability when λt is very small.
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Learning objective
E.3.21 (HL)—Activity equation
• Activity is decay rate: A=λN=λN0e^(-λt).
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Learning objective
E.3.22 (HL)—Half-life and decay constant
• Half-life relation: T1/2 = ln2/λ.
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