Learning objective
D.1.1—Kepler’s three laws of orbital motion
• Kepler’s three laws of orbital motion.
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D.1 Gravitational fields
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Learning objective
D.1.2—Universal gravitation
• Universal gravitation: F=Gm1m2/r^2 for point masses.
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Learning objective
D.1.3—Point-mass approximation
• Extended bodies can be treated as point masses only under suitable conditions.
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Learning objective
D.1.4—Gravitational field strength
• Gravitational field strength: g=F/m=GM/r^2.
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Learning objective
D.1.5—Gravitational field lines
• Gravitational field lines.
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Learning objective
D.1.6 (HL)—Gravitational potential energy
• Gravitational potential energy is work to assemble masses from infinite separation.
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Learning objective
D.1.7 (HL)—Two-body potential energy
• Two-body gravitational potential energy: Ep=-Gm1m2/r.
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Learning objective
D.1.8 (HL)—Gravitational potential
• Gravitational potential: Vg=-GM/r, zero at infinity.
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Learning objective
D.1.9 (HL)—Potential gradient
• Field strength is potential gradient: g=-ΔVg/Δr.
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Learning objective
D.1.10 (HL)—Work in gravitational fields
• Work in gravitational field: W=mΔVg.
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Learning objective
D.1.11 (HL)—Gravitational equipotentials
• Equipotential surfaces for gravitational fields.
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Learning objective
D.1.12 (HL)—Equipotentials and field lines
• Relationship between equipotential surfaces and gravitational field lines. • Equipotential surfaces are perpendicular to field lines.
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Learning objective
D.1.13 (HL)—Escape speed
• Escape speed: vesc=sqrt(2GM/r).
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Learning objective
D.1.14 (HL)—Orbital speed
• Circular orbital speed: vorbital=sqrt(GM/r).
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Learning objective
D.1.15 (HL)—Atmospheric drag on orbits
• Small atmospheric drag changes both height and speed of an orbiting body.
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