(a)

(i)

With reference to Figure 5 and Figure 6, discuss the effect Iraq's pattern of population growth may have on water resources.

Figure 5: 2009 age/sex pyramid for Iraq

Figure 6: Irrigated, rainfed and total cultivated land in Iraq

The Iraq/Iran marshlands once covered about 15000 km^2.
The marshes receive only about 100 mm of rainfall each year while more than 2500 mm evaporates, leaving salty water.
Spring snowmelt formerly flowed down from Iran and Turkey, bringing sediment and washing away salty water.
The wetlands developed many endemic species and filtered pollutants; local food systems used fishing and water buffalo, and reeds were used for construction.

[ 3 ]

(a)

Figure 4 shows the pattern of water use in Moldova. Water used in irrigation and raising livestock often does not return to the Danube, but evaporates. Suggest one possible impact of the failure to return water to the river.

Figure 4: Water use in Moldova in 1992

Figure 4 shows Moldova water use in 1992: irrigation of crops is the largest use, followed by industry/hydropower, domestic use and livestock. The total water use shown is 596.5 million m^3.

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 3]

Figure 1(b): Map showing Swakop River in Namibia

Figure 4(b): Camera trap data for high and low mesquite areas

Figure 5(a): Uranium prices from 1980 to 2013

(a)

With reference to Figure 6(a) describe two ways in which Uranium mines have had an impact on water resources.

Figure 6(a): the three mines in the Swakop Valley require 10 million cubic metres of water per year.
Groundwater aquifers have very low volumes as demand from mines and towns rises.
SEMP indicator for acceptable community water quality: status not met.
SEMP indicator that groundwater removal does not exceed sustainable yield: status not met.

Figure 6(b): Welwitschia is endemic and depends on stable groundwater for long-term survival, growth and reproduction.
The Husab Mine would be next to a Welwitschia population; waste rock dumps may affect water supply to a large proportion of the population.

[ 2 ]

(b)

With reference to Figures 6(a) and 7, calculate the amount of water available for other uses, after the Erongo desalination plant has met the needs of the three operational mines.

Figure 6(a): the three mines in the Swakop Valley require 10 million cubic metres of water per year.
Groundwater aquifers have very low volumes as demand from mines and towns rises.
SEMP indicator for acceptable community water quality: status not met.
SEMP indicator that groundwater removal does not exceed sustainable yield: status not met.

Figure 7: Erongo water desalination plant

Figure 7: the Erongo desalination plant produces 20 million cubic metres of freshwater per year.
It now supplies existing uranium mines and has spare capacity for Swakop Valley communities and the proposed Husab mine.
After the Fukushima nuclear accident, demand for uranium dropped and the Trekkopje mine did not open.

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 6]

Figures 1(a) and 1(b) show the availability of renewable freshwater per capita in 2013 and its predicted availability in 2040.

Figure 1(a): Water stress by country in 2013

Figure 1(b): Predicted water stress by country in 2040

Figure 2: Relationship between vegetation cover and evaporation from different soil types

(a)

Using Figures 1(a) and 1(b):

[ 2 ]

(i)

State one country with no expected change in water stress between 2013 and the 2040 prediction.

[ 1 ]

(ii)

State one difference in water scarcity between 2013 and the 2040 prediction.

[ 1 ]

(b)

Outline how climate change may affect the availability of freshwater resources.

[ 2 ]

(c)

Describe two water management strategies that can reduce water scarcity.

[ 2 ]

[Maximum number: 6]

Figure 2(a): Water transfers and transformations after rainfall in forest and urban environments

Figure 2(b): Global water demand by sector for 2014, and projected for 2025 and 2040

(a)

Calculate the percentage of water projected to be used for agriculture in 2025, shown in Figure 2(b).

[ 1 ]

(b)

Suggest one reason for the projected decrease in the demand for water in agriculture between 2014 and 2025, shown in Figure 2(b).

[ 1 ]

(c)

Outline two reasons why water demand shown in Figure 2(b) is projected to increase globally from 2014-2040.

[ 2 ]

(d)

Outline two strategies to meet an increasing demand for domestic water.

[ 2 ]

[Maximum number: 6]

Water stress is the total annual extraction of water as a proportion of the renewable supply in a given area. If the extraction represents 40 % or more of the available supply it is described as a high risk area.

Figure 2: Water stress for selected crops

(a)

State the crop that is under the greatest water stress.

[ 1 ]

(b)

Identify two strategies that could be used to grow crops in areas of high water stress.

[ 2 ]

(c)

Identify three factors that may lead to an increase in water stress.

[ 3 ]

[Maximum number: 7]

Figure 2: Projected global water scarcity 1995

(a)

State the general pattern of change in global water scarcity predicted from 1995 to 2025 as shown in Figure 2.

[ 1 ]

(b)

Identify two ways in which climate change may influence the predicted change shown in Figure 2.

[ 2 ]

(c)

Identify two possible human influences, not related to climate change, that may cause the changes in water scarcity predicted for 2025.

[ 2 ]

(d)

Outline two reasons why some countries are unlikely to experience water scarcity.

[ 2 ]

[Maximum number: 2]

Figure 6(a): Fact fi le on the human impacts on biodiversity

There have been a number of processes at work in Brazil that have caused signifi cant losses in
biodiversity. Of the original Atlantic Rainforest only about 10 % remains, and of the original Cerrado
vegetation only around 20 % remains. These losses have occurred as a result of:

- Land clearance for crop production eg sugar cane, coffee, soy beans and biofuel crops. The amount of food and biofuel crops grown has increased signifi cantly over the past 20 years.
- Land clearance for cattle ranching. Brazil has the largest number of cattle of any country in the world.
- Land clearance for forest plantations eg pine and eucalypt plantations
- Expansion and development of urban areas eg:
Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in the Atlantic Rainforest region
Brasilia the capital city in the Cerrado region.
- Infrastructure development eg road building schemes to support industrialization.
- Commercial logging.

Identify two environmental impacts of hydro-electricity generation in Brazil.

Only about 10% of the original Atlantic Rainforest and around 20% of the original Cerrado vegetation remain. Losses have resulted from land clearance for crops such as sugar cane, coffee, soy beans and biofuel crops; cattle ranching; forest plantations; urban expansion including Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Brasilia; infrastructure development such as road building; and commercial logging. Organizations support projects to restore forest habitats and encourage sustainable use of natural forest resources.

Figure 6(b): Deforestation in the Atlantic Rainforest and Cerrado

(a)

Outline one way in which a reduction in water usage per person as referred to in

Figure 9(a) could have been achieved.

Figure 9(a): Beijing is water scarce. Water use per person has decreased, but total demand has increased because of population growth.
By 2020 about 70% of Beijing water was supplied from the South-North Water Diversion Project.
The project expanded the Danjiangkou dam and reservoir, transfers water over 1200 km to Beijing, generates hydroelectricity and provides flood control.

[ 1 ]

(b)

With reference to Figures 9(a) and 9(b), evaluate the South-North Water

Diversion Project.

Figure 9(a): Beijing is water scarce. Water use per person has decreased, but total demand has increased because of population growth.
By 2020 about 70% of Beijing water was supplied from the South-North Water Diversion Project.
The project expanded the Danjiangkou dam and reservoir, transfers water over 1200 km to Beijing, generates hydroelectricity and provides flood control.

Figure 9(b): Central route of the South-North Water Diversion Project

[ 3 ]

[Maximum number: 2]

Figure 5 below shows a range of coastal seawater temperatures at different distances from a nuclear power station. Nuclear power stations may be responsible for localized thermal pollution of coastal waters. Thermal pollution is caused by warmer water being released into a colder body of water.

Figure 5

(a)

Identify one local factor which can affect the choice of pollution management strategy, and one national factor. An international factor has been shown as an example.

[ 2 ]