IB ESS SL 4.4.2 Plastic Debris Question Bank
Explain how plastic debris accumulates and affects aquatic food webs.
- Syllabus
- First assessment 2026
- Course
- ESS SL
- Level
- SL
Explain how plastic debris accumulates and affects aquatic food webs.

Table:Consumption and disposal of plastic waste for India and selected Pacific Rim countries
Many countries produce large amounts of solid domestic waste. Pacific Ocean currents concentrate and trap solid domestic waste from the Pacific Rim countries and have created the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) in the North Pacific Gyre (Figure: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch).
* estimated for 2017 based on 10 % growth http://www.pardos-marketing.com]
Identify one reason why most plastics may be considered more serious pollutants than other forms of solid domestic waste.
plastics produced in huge quantities/very widespread (due to usefulness/versatility); plastics are non-biodegradable / may take hundreds of years to fully degrade / generational problem;
marine animals may be killed through entanglement/suffocation/ingestion leading to starvation;
degraded smaller particles can be easily and widely dispersed; degraded plastic may become more toxic by absorbing other toxins/releasing POPs; microparticles can be absorbed by species causing biomagnification/damage to food chains;
Explain why the data in Table: Consumption and disposal of plastic waste for India and selected Pacific Rim countries show no correlation between plastic consumption and plastic waste deposited in ocean for the countries listed.
laws/policies against depositing plastic in sea may be less stringent/well-enforced in some countries (eg China); some countries may have greater discharge from rivers into sea (eg China); some countries may have greater population densities near to coast (eg India/China); some countries may have more efficient garbage disposal/recycling systems (eg Japan/USA);
industrialisation involving plastic production/use may have higher priority in some countries (eg China/India); estimated data may be inaccurate/unrepresentative/based on false assumptions; data may be politically biased/not verified independently;
Part (c) questions in Section B are all to be assessed using the markbands on page 18 with the guidance given below for each question.