IB Economics SL 1.1 What Is Economics? Question Bank

Study the extract and data below and answer the questions that follow.
Extract 1
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Extract 2
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Define the term entrepreneurship indicated in bold in the text (paragraph (4).

Study the extract below and answer the questions that follow.
Urban farms to feed Cuban cities

(1) The Cuban government has launched a project to surround its cities and towns with thousands of organic farms to make the growing of fruit, vegetables and the raising of livestock low cost and environmentally friendly.

(2) The government hopes this new approach to urban farming will make food cheaper and more abundant. It is also hoped that transport and fuel costs will be reduced and that urban dwellers will be encouraged to leave their city jobs and work in the farming sector. The farms are mostly privately-owned with some cooperatives, and more land has been leased to them. These private farmers and cooperatives own about 40 % of Cuba's farmland and produce about 70 % of food grown.

(3) In the past farmers had to purchase their subsidized resources from the government. However, they can now purchase their own seed, equipment and other materials directly from suppliers. They can choose what they want to grow. Farmers are also allowed to sell some of their produce to licensed government sellers or sell directly to consumers at roadside stands. Farmers can also vary the price of the products they sell. These changes allow for greater reliance on the price mechanism and for a more efficient allocation of resources.

(4) However, the Cuban government still plays a major role in production and support of the rest of the agricultural economy. It continues to hold a monopoly over essential foods such as rice, beans, pork and bananas by controlling the production, distribution and land use for these foods. Prices for these commodities are set by the government, which also provides infrastructure, schooling and overall direction to the economy. Nevertheless, poor planning and corruption continue to be obstacles to economic development.

(5) Not all urban farmers can see the long term benefits of this and are concerned about greater competition between producers and the possibility of rising input prices which may result if subsidies end. However, they are encouraged that the reforms allow them to make more decisions about what to produce and how to sell. They believe that more food will be available for sale and consumption. Foreign and local experts welcome the project and expect that as the market mechanism becomes more important, economic growth and economic development will be stimulated.

Define the term allocation of resources indicated in bold in the text (paragraph 3).

Study the extract and data below and answer the questions that follow.
Singapore

(1) Singapore is a high-income economy in South-East Asia. The country provides the world's most business-friendly regulatory environment for local entrepreneurs and is ranked among the world's most competitive economies. Presently, the strong manufacturing and services sectors have become the main drivers of the Singapore economy. There is a wide range of businesses, with a particular focus on high value added goods and services.
Timor-Leste (East Timor)

(2) Timor-Leste (formerly known as East Timor) is a developing economy in South-East Asia. Timor-Leste gained independence from Indonesia in 2002. The country and families were torn apart by violence in the years before independence. Nearly 70 % of all buildings, homes and schools were destroyed. An estimated 75 % of the population were forced to move due to the violence.

(3) After serious challenges, Timor-Leste has progressed, particularly due to its endowment of natural resources, especially oil. With the petroleum revenue boom, fiscal policy has been expansionary and the economy has grown rapidly as a result of government spending, focusing on major infrastructure, development of skills, and other institutional changes. A main goal was to generate increased and sustainable private sector investment as a means to increased job opportunities and to reduce poverty. These developments are starting to contribute to poverty reduction and improved social outcomes.

Using a production possibilities curve (PPC) diagram, explain the effects of the violence in Timor-Leste on production possibilities (potential output) (paragraph (2)).