2.2 Organizational structure

• Apply delegation, span of control, levels of hierarchy, chain of command, bureaucracy, centralization, decentralization, delayering, and matrix structure

• These terms describe authority, communication, responsibility, and coordination inside organizations

• Interpret flat or horizontal, tall or vertical, and product/function/region organization charts

• Charts show formal reporting lines, hierarchy, departments, and spans of control

• Evaluate appropriateness of organizational structures when external factors change

• Structure should fit size, strategy, culture, technology, environment, and communication needs

• Evaluate changes such as project-based organization and Charles Handy's Shamrock Organization

• Structural change can improve flexibility but may create uncertainty or coordination issues