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D1.2 Protein synthesis

Protein synthesis links DNA information to functional proteins through transcription, RNA processing, translation, genetic-code reading and post-translational modification in cells.

Syllabus
First assessment 2025
Topic
D1.2
Level
HL

What you’ll learn

19 learning objectives

Choose one objective for a focused lesson, or study the complete topic.

Exam analysis

An aggregate view of how the complete D1.2 Protein synthesis appears across past papers.

Chance of appearing50%of analysed past papers
Latest appearanceNovember 2025
Most common paperPaper1

Most tested objectives

  1. D1.2.1—Transcription11 questions
  2. D1.2.14 (HL)—Non-coding sequences in DNA11 questions
  3. D1.2.15 (HL)—Post-transcriptional modification7 questions

Common question formats

  • Process explanation
  • Definition or recall
  • Calculation
  • Diagram interpretation
  • Data analysis
  • Comparison
  • Structured response

Exam question appearances

November 2025Paper1A ["HL"] · TZ39[ 1 ]D1.2.8—Genetic code features
November 2025Paper1A ["HL"] · TZ110[ 1 ]D1.2.8—Genetic code features
May 2025Paper1A ["HL"] · TZ311[ 1 ]D1.2.17 (HL)—Translation initiation
May 2025Paper1A ["HL"] · TZ111[ 1 ]D1.2.11—Mutations changing protein structure
May 2025Paper2 ["HL"] · TZ210(a)[ 4 ]D1.2.8—Genetic code features
Practice this topic

4 original exam-style questions based on the patterns above.

Coverage 2012–2025 · Updated 16 Jul 2026

Study checklistD1.2 Protein synthesis