What you’ll learn12 learning objectivesChoose one objective for a focused lesson, or study the complete topic.13.1.1Chloroplast structure-function relationship• Chloroplast structure-function relationshipSyllabus objective13.1.2ATP and reduced NADP in Calvin cycle• ATP and reduced NADP from light-dependent stage used in Calvin cycle for complex organic moleculesSyllabus objective13.1.3Sites within chloroplast• Sites within chloroplast:- Thylakoids (in grana stacks): light-dependent stage- Stroma: light-independent stage (Calvin cycle)Syllabus objective13.1.4Chloroplast pigments in light absorption• Chloroplast pigments in light absorption: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene, xanthophyllSyllabus objective13.1.5Absorption and action spectra• Interpret absorption spectra and action spectraSyllabus objective13.1.6Pigment chromatography• Chromatography to separate and identify pigments (Rf values)Syllabus objective13.1.7Light-dependent stage• Light-dependent stage: cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylationSyllabus objective13.1.8Cyclic photophosphorylation• Cyclic photophosphorylation:- Only PSI involved- Photoactivation of chlorophyll- ATP synthesisedSyllabus objective13.1.9Non-cyclic photophosphorylation• Non-cyclic photophosphorylation:- Both PSI and PSII involved- Photoactivation of chlorophyll- Oxygen-evolving complex catalyses photolysis of water- ATP and reduced NADP synthesisedSyllabus objective13.1.10During photophosphorylation• During photophosphorylation:- Electrons release energy through electron transport chain- Energy transfers protons across thylakoid membrane- Protons return to stroma via ATP synthase by facilitated diffusion, providing energy for ATP synthesisSyllabus objective13.1.11Calvin cycle three main stages• Calvin cycle three main stages:- Rubisco catalyses CO2 fixation with RuBP (5C) to yield two GP molecules (3C)- GP reduced to TP using reduced NADP and ATP- RuBP regenerated from TP using ATPSyllabus objective13.1.12Calvin cycle intermediates• Calvin cycle intermediates produce other molecules:- GP: some amino acids- TP: carbohydrates, lipids, amino acidsSyllabus objective