What you’ll learn14 learning objectivesChoose one objective for a focused lesson, or study the complete topic.12.2.1Four stages of aerobic respiration location• Four stages of aerobic respiration location:- Glycolysis: cytoplasm- Link reaction: mitochondrial matrix- Krebs cycle: mitochondrial matrix- Oxidative phosphorylation: inner mitochondrial membraneSyllabus objective12.2.2Glycolysis pathway• Glycolysis: phosphorylation of glucose, splitting of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (6C) into two triose phosphates (3C), oxidation to pyruvate (3C), producing ATP and reduced NADSyllabus objective12.2.3Pyruvate and the link reaction• Pyruvate enters mitochondria for link reaction when oxygen availableSyllabus objective12.2.4Link reaction• Link reaction: role of coenzyme A in acetyl (2C) group transferSyllabus objective12.2.5Krebs cycle carbon compounds• Krebs cycle: oxaloacetate (4C) accepts 2C from acetyl coenzyme A to form citrate (6C), converted back to oxaloacetateSyllabus objective12.2.6Krebs cycle redox reactions• Krebs cycle involves decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, reduction of NAD and FADSyllabus objective12.2.7NAD and FAD in respiration• NAD and FAD transfer hydrogen to inner mitochondrial membrane carriersSyllabus objective12.2.8Oxidative phosphorylation• Oxidative phosphorylation:- Hydrogen splits into protons and energetic electrons- Electrons release energy through electron transport chain- Energy transfers protons across inner mitochondrial membrane- Protons return via ATP synthase by facilitated diffusion, providing energy for ATP synthesis- Oxygen as final electron acceptor forms waterSyllabus objective12.2.9Mitochondria structure-function relationship• Mitochondria structure-function relationshipSyllabus objective12.2.10Lactate and ethanol fermentation• Anaerobic respiration: lactate fermentation (mammals), ethanol fermentation (yeast)Syllabus objective12.2.11Energy yield• Energy yield: aerobic >> anaerobic respirationSyllabus objective12.2.12Rice adaptations to flooding• Rice adaptations: aerenchyma in roots, ethanol fermentation, faster stem growthSyllabus objective12.2.13Redox indicator investigation• Investigate using redox indicators (DCPIP, methylene blue): effects of temperature and substrate concentration on yeast respiration rateSyllabus objective12.2.14Respirometer investigations• Investigate using respirometers: temperature effects on respiration rateSyllabus objective