Practise identifying voluntary response, undercoverage, nonresponse, and response bias, then explain how each sampling flaw can distort an estimate in context.
Aphids are tiny insects that feed on plants such as cabbage plants. A farmer wants to reduce the number of aphids in a cabbage field. A river is located 100 meters south of the cabbage field.
The farmer divides the field into 25 regions of equal size, as shown in the diagram. Each region has approximately the same number of cabbage plants.
Farmer's House and Cabbage Field
The farmer would like to estimate the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are affected by aphids and believes that the extent of aphid damage is greater for the regions in the cabbage field closer to the river. To obtain the estimate, the farmer is considering three sampling methods.
- Sampling method I: Select region 3, which is closest to the farmer's house and farthest from the river. Examine every cabbage plant in the region for aphid damage.
- Sampling method II: Randomly select one row (A, B, C, D, or E). For every region in the selected row, examine every cabbage plant for aphid damage.
- Sampling method III: Randomly select one region from each of rows A, B, C, D, and E. For each selected region, examine every cabbage plant for aphid damage.
Explain whether sampling method I is an appropriate sampling method for the farmer to use to estimate the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are damaged by aphids.
Using sampling method II, the farmer randomly selected row E and examined every cabbage plant in row E. If the farmer's belief is correct, determine whether the selection of row E is likely to provide an overestimate or an underestimate of the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are damaged by aphids. Justify your answer.