Explore AP Biology Unit 6 questions on DNA and RNA, replication, transcription, translation, gene regulation, cell specialization, mutations, and biotechnology.
Telomeres are repetitive sequences of DNA found on the ends of linear chromosomes. With each cycle of DNA replication, a few bases are lost from the telomeres and the length of telomeres decrease. What is the function of telomeres?
to assist in the synthesis of proteins
to protect the genetic information in chromosomes during cell division
to correct mutations in DNA
to inhibit cell division
Which of the following best explains how continuity of genetic information in cells is ensured across generations?
Replication uses a parental strand of DNA as a template to create a new strand of DNA.
DNA molecules are shaped like a double helix with a constant diameter throughout.
Transcription copies the information in DNA into an RNA transcript.
Cells contain different polymerases for DNA replication and transcription.
Researchers are studying the use of RNA vaccines to protect individuals against certain diseases. To develop the vaccines, particular cells are first removed from an individual. Then mRNAs coding for specific proteins from a pathogen are introduced into the cells. The altered cells are injected back into the individual, where the cells make the proteins encoded by the introduced mRNAs. The individual then produces an immune response to the proteins that will help to protect the individual from developing a disease if exposed to the pathogen in the future.
When introduced into cells, the mRNAs used for vaccines must be stable so that they are not degraded before the encoded proteins are produced. Researchers developed several modified caps that they hypothesized might make the introduced mRNAs more stable than mRNAs with the normal GTP cap. To test the effect of the modified caps, the researchers produced mRNAs that differed only in their cap structure (no cap, the normal cap, or modified caps I, II, or III). They introduced the same amount of each mRNA to different groups of cells and measured the amount of time required for half of the mRNAs to degrade (mRNA half-life) and the total amount of protein translated from the mRNAs (Table 1).
TABLE 1. EFFECT OF mRNA CAP STRUCTURE ON mRNA HALF-LIFE AND PROTEIN TRANSLATED FROM THE INTRODUCED mRNA
Based on the data, identify which cap structure is most likely to protect the end of the mRNAs from degradation.
Based on the data for the mRNAs with modified caps, describe the relationship between the mRNA half-life and the total amount of protein produced.
After examining the data on mRNA half-lives and the amount of protein produced, the researchers hypothesized that each mRNA molecule with modified cap I was translated more frequently than was each mRNA molecule with the normal GTP cap. Evaluate their hypothesis by comparing the data in Table 1.
Introduction of mRNAs into cells allows the cells to produce foreign proteins that they might not normally produce. Explain why the production of a foreign protein may be more likely from the introduction of mRNA than DNA into cells.
Write your responses to this question only on the designated pages in the separate Free Response booklet.
Most proteins that are secreted from a cell must be transported to the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) either during translation or after translation.
C.
Protein 1 is encoded by 234 nucleotides, while protein 2 is encoded by 495 nucleotides.
Assuming all nucleotides for both proteins encode amino acids, calculate the difference
in the number of amino acids between the two proteins.