18.5—The mechanism of the electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene in halogenation, nitration and Friedel-Crafts reactions

Understand the mechanism of the electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene in halogenation, nitration and Friedel-Crafts reactions, including the generation of the electrophile.

Use —the mechanism of the electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene in halogenation, nitration and friedel-crafts reactions to connect the rule to the data and decision in the question.

This matters because —the mechanism of the electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene in halogenation, nitration and friedel-crafts reactions determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —the mechanism of the electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene in halogenation, nitration and friedel-crafts reactions to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: —The mechanism of the electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene in halogenation, nitration and Friedel-Crafts reactions is not a universal recommendation. Check the syllabus scope, assumptions, units and the limits of the evidence before generalising.