5.2.1—W = Fs, the formula ∆EP = mg∆h for gravitational potential energy changes in

For a near-Earth height change ∆h, work done against gravity is ∆E_P=mg∆h. Raising an object transfers energy to its gravitational potential store.

Use the vertical height change, not the length of a sloping path, when g is uniform. A downward move reverses the sign of the store change.

Lifting 2.0 kg through 3.0 m at g=9.8 m s⁻² increases gravitational potential energy by 58.8 J.

The energy change depends on height difference, not route length; friction would add a separate thermal transfer.