11.1.1—The results of the α-particle scattering experiment the existence and small

Most alpha particles passed through thin foil, but a small fraction were deflected through large angles; this implies most atomic volume is empty with mass and positive charge concentrated in a tiny nucleus.

Use the scattering observations as evidence and distinguish the nuclear model from the older diffuse-charge model.

A near head-on deflection is rare because the nucleus occupies a tiny cross-section, yet it reveals strong repulsion from concentrated positive charge.

The experiment did not show electrons orbiting like planets; it established nuclear concentration, not a complete modern atom model.