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CAIE A-Level Economics 1.5 Production Possibility Curves Question Bank

Practise using production possibility curves to analyse scarcity, choice, opportunity cost, efficiency, unemployment, capacity growth and reallocation between outputs.

Syllabus
2026–2028
Course
Economics 9708
Level
AS

Exam points

  • draw labelled PPCs and distinguish points inside, on and beyond current productive capacity
  • calculate or explain opportunity cost from movement along straight or bowed-out curves
  • separate a reallocation or utilisation change from an inward or outward capacity shift

Covered syllabus points

1.5.1—Production possibility curve1.5.2—PPC shape and opportunity cost1.5.3—PPC shifts1.5.4—Position within a PPC

1.5 Production possibility curves question 1

[Maximum number: 8]

Explain, with the aid of a production possibility curve (PPC) diagram, why scarcity makes choice inevitable for firms and how each choice has an opportunity cost.

1.5 Production possibility curves question 2

[Maximum number: 8]

Explain with the help of a diagram why production possibility curves are usually drawn with increasing opportunity costs, and show how they can be used to illustrate scarcity.

1.5 Production possibility curves question 3

[Maximum number: 4]

Fall in price of oil but Colombia can look forward to growth

Fig. 1: Colombia's growth and the oil price

Fig. 1: Colombia's growth and the oil price

Source: Thomson Reuters Datastream

Fig. 2: Colombian peso against the US dollar (peso per US\$), inverted scale

Fig. 2: Colombian peso against the US dollar (peso per US\$), inverted scale

Over the past year, the halving of crude oil prices has hit Colombia and much of South America hard. Venezuela's economy, for example, is expected to shrink by 7%7 \% this year. Colombia's national oil production was running at 1 million barrels a year, accounting for half of its exports and a fifth of government revenues. In Puerto Gaitan, which only a year ago was the centre of Colombia's oil industry, the town's population had tripled to 45000 in just a few years. Property prices had soared and hotels overflowed. Today, though, business profits have fallen, leading to a fall in spending by entrepreneurs. "For Sale" signs now hang over Puerto Gaitan's closed stores, car parks in shopping malls are empty and 10000 people have left the town. Towns throughout Colombia are experiencing similar problems.

Colombia's government is feeling the effects as well. Every US$1 drop in the oil price per barrel cuts an estimated US $200\$ 200 million from government revenues. As a result, the government has cut spending and raised taxes to keep its budget deficit down. More worryingly, the collapse in the price of oil has opened a large current account deficit equivalent to 7%7 \% of national income. Yet not all is bleak. Colombia's economy is forecast to grow this year. And unlike in neighbouring Venezuela, where oil accounts for more than 90%90 \% of exports, there is concern but no panic.

Firstly, the peso's depreciation could reverse Colombia's current account problems, boosting traditional exports such as coffee, textiles, car parts and flowers - if not to its immediate neighbours, then to the United States. Colombia produces oil, but it is not only an oil-producing country. Secondly, Colombia's government is having peace talks with Marxist rebels to end the country's five decades of unrest. The government's military expenditure will be reduced and estimates suggest that this 'peace dividend' could add as much as 2 percentage points to growth.

With the help of production possibility curve diagram(s), explain how the 'peace dividend' might lead to the growth of Colombia's economy.

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