1.2.2—Positive vs normative statements

A positive statement can be tested against evidence about what is or was. A normative statement says what ought to be and depends partly on values or priorities.

Policy arguments often combine both: a factual prediction may be positive, while the decision about whether the outcome is desirable is normative.

“A higher carbon tax reduces fuel demand” is testable; “the government should raise the carbon tax” adds a value judgement about climate benefits and distribution.

A statement is not normative merely because it concerns policy, and a positive claim can still be uncertain or disputed.