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34. Nitrogen compounds

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  1. 34.1 Primary and secondary amines

    1. 34.1.1Preparation of primary and secondary amines

      • Recall the reactions (reagents/conditions) by which primary and secondary amines are produced: - (a) reaction of halogenoalkanes with NH₃ in ethanol heated under pressure - (b) reaction of halogenoalkanes with primary amines in ethanol, heated in a sealed tube / under pressure - (c) the reduction of amides with LiAl H₄ - (d) the reduction of nitriles with LiAl H₄ or H₂ / Ni

    2. 34.1.2Amide formation from amines

      • Describe the condensation reaction of ammonia or an amine with an acyl chloride at room temp. to give an amide

    3. 34.1.3Basicity of aq. solutions of amines

      • Describe/explain: the basicity of aq. solutions of amines

  2. 34.2 Phenylamine and azo compounds

    1. 34.2.1Preparation of phenylamine via the nitration

      • Describe the preparation of phenylamine via the nitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene followed by reduction with hot Sn/conc. HCl followed by NaOH(aq)

    2. 34.2.2Describe

      • Describe:: (a) the reaction of phenylamine with Br₂(aq) at room temp.; (b) the reaction of phenylamine with HNO₂ or NaNO₂ and dil. acid below 10 °C to produce the diazonium salt; further warming of the diazonium salt with H₂O to give phenol

    3. 34.2.3Basicities of aq. ammonia, ethylamine

      • Describe/explain: the relative basicities of aq. ammonia, ethylamine and phenylamine

    4. 34.2.4About azo compounds

      • Recall the following about azo compounds: - (a) describe the coupling of benzenediazonium chloride with phenol in NaOH(aq) to form an azo compound - (b) identify the azo group - (c) state that azo compounds are often used as dyes - (d) that other azo dyes can be formed via a similar route

  3. 34.3 Amides

    1. 34.3.1Reactions (reagents/conditions)

      • Recall the reactions (reagents/conditions) by which amides are produced:: (a) the reaction between ammonia and an acyl chloride at room temp.; (b) the reaction between a primary amine and an acyl chloride at room temp.

    2. 34.3.2Reactions of amides

      • Describe reactions of amides:: (a) hydrolysis with aq. alkali or aq. acid; (b) the reduction of the CO group in amides with LiAl H₄ to form an amine

    3. 34.3.3Why amides are much weaker bases than amines

      • State/explain: why amides are much weaker bases than amines

  4. 34.4 Amino acids

    1. 34.4.1Acid / base properties of amino acids

      • Describe the acid / base properties of amino acids and the formation of zwitterions, to include the isoelectric point

    2. 34.4.2Peptide bond formation

      • Describe the formation of amide (peptide) bonds between amino acids to give di- and tripeptides

    3. 34.4.3And predict the results of electrophoresis

      • Interpret and predict the results of electrophoresis on mixtures of amino acids and dipeptides at varying pHs (the assembling of the apparatus will not be tested)