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25. Equilibria

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  1. 25.1 Acids and bases

    1. 25.1.1Terms: conjugate acid and conjugate base

      • Use terms: conjugate acid and conjugate base

    2. 25.1.2Conjugate acid–base pairs, identifying such

      • Define conjugate acid–base pairs, identifying such pairs in reactions

    3. 25.1.3Math definitions: pH, Ka, pKa and Kw and use

      • Define mathematically: pH, Ka, pKa and Kw and use them in calculations (Kb and the equation Kw = Ka × Kb will not be tested)

    4. 25.1.4[H+(aq)] and pH values

      • Calculate [H+(aq)] and pH values for:: (a) strong acids; (b) strong alkalis; (c) weak acids

    5. 25.1.5Buffer solution

      • – in controlling pH in blood - (a) define a buffer solution - (b) explain how a buffer solution can be made - (c) explain how buffer solutions control pH; use chemical equations in these explanations - (d) describe and explain the uses of buffer solutions, including the role of HCO 3

    6. 25.1.6Relevant concentrations and the pH of buffer

      • Calculate relevant concentrations and the pH of buffer solutions, given appropriate data

    7. 25.1.7Terms: solubility product, K sp

      • Use terms: solubility product, K sp

    8. 25.1.8Write an expression for Ksp

      • Write an expression for Ksp

    9. 25.1.9Ksp from concentrations and vice versa

      • Calculate Ksp from concentrations and vice versa

    10. 25.1.10Common ion effect and solubility

      • Solution containing a common ion: (a) understand and use the common ion effect to explain the different solubility of a compound in a; (b) perform calculations using Ksp values and concentration of a common ion

  2. 25.2 Partition coefficients

    1. 25.2.1Terms: partition coefficient, Kpc

      • Define: partition coefficient, Kpc

    2. 25.2.2And use a partition coefficient for a system

      • Calculate/use: a partition coefficient for a system in which the solute is in the same physical state in the two solvents

    3. 25.2.3Factors affecting partition coefficient

      • Understand the factors affecting the numerical value of a partition coefficient in terms of the polarities of the solute and the solvents used