9.3.4—Lean production

Lean production aims to reduce waste, delay, defects, excess inventory and unnecessary movement while maintaining the value customers require.

Tools such as continuous improvement, flow and pull systems can improve efficiency, but lean depends on reliable processes, empowered staff and supplier coordination.

Mapping a process may show repeated inspection caused by an upstream defect; fixing the cause can reduce delay more effectively than adding another final check.

Lean is not simply cutting staff or stock; removing useful slack can make the system fragile.