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5 Use of biological resources

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  1. (a) Food production

    1. 5.1Glasshouses and polythene tunnels

      Describe how glasshouses and polythene tunnels can be used to increase the yield of certain crops.

    2. 5.2Effects on crop yield of increased carbon dioxide

      Understand the effects on crop yield of increased carbon dioxide and increased temperature in glasshouses.

    3. 5.3Fertilisers and crop yield

      Understand how the use of fertiliser can increase crop yield.

    4. 5.4Pest control

      Understand the reasons for pest control and the advantages and disadvantages of using pesticides and biological control with crop plants.

    5. 5.5Yeast in the production of food

      Understand the role of yeast in the production of food including bread.

    6. 5.6Yeast anaerobic respiration

      Practical: investigate the role of anaerobic respiration by yeast in different conditions.

    7. 5.7Lactobacillus in yoghurt production

      Understand the role of bacteria (Lactobacillus) in the production of yoghurt.

    8. 5.8Industrial fermenter conditions

      Understand the use of an industrial fermenter and explain the need to provide suitable conditions in the fermenter, including aseptic precautions, nutrients, optimum temperature and pH, oxygenation and agitation, for the growth of micro-organisms.

    9. 5.9BFish farming

      Understand the methods used to farm large numbers of fish to provide a source of protein, including maintaining water quality, controlling intraspecific and interspecific predation, controlling disease, removing waste products, controlling the quality and frequency of feeding, and selective breeding.

  2. (b) Selective breeding

    1. 5.10Selective breeding in plants

      Understand how selective breeding can develop plants with desired characteristics.

    2. 5.11Selective breeding in animals

      Understand how selective breeding can develop animals with desired characteristics.

  3. (c) Genetic modification (genetic engineering)

    1. 5.12Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase

      Understand how restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites and ligase enzymes are used to join pieces of DNA together.

    2. 5.13Genetic engineering vectors

      Understand how plasmids and viruses can act as vectors, which take up pieces of DNA, and then insert this recombinant DNA into other cells.

    3. 5.14Human insulin production

      Understand how large amounts of human insulin can be manufactured from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenter.

    4. 5.15GM plants in food production

      Understand how genetically modified plants can be used to improve food production.

    5. 5.16Transgenic organisms

      Understand that the term transgenic means the transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species.

  4. (d) Cloning

    1. 5.17BMicropropagation process

      Describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which explants are grown in vitro.

    2. 5.18BCommercial micropropagation

      Understand how micropropagation can be used to produce commercial quantities of genetically identical plants with desirable characteristics.

    3. 5.19BCloned mammals

      Describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals involving the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell into an enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly the sheep.

    4. 5.20BUses of cloned transgenic animals

      Understand how cloned transgenic animals can be used to produce human proteins.