(a) Reproduction

Understand the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.

Understand that fertilisation involves the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo.

Describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for pollination.

Understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation.

Practical: investigate the conditions needed for seed germination.

Understand how germinating seeds utilise food reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis.

Understand that plants can reproduce asexually by natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial methods (illustrated by cuttings).

Understand how the structure of the male and female reproductive systems are adapted for their functions.

Understand the roles of oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle.

Understand the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle.

Describe the role of the placenta in the nutrition of the developing embryo.

Understand how the developing embryo is protected by amniotic fluid.

Understand the roles of oestrogen and testosterone in the development of secondary sexual characteristics.