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CAIE IGCSE Economics 5.3.1 Factors that affect population growth

Use demographic data and country conditions to explain how healthcare, income, education, living costs and migration change natural increase and total population growth.

Syllabus
2027–2029
Course
Economics 0455

Exam points

  • Calculate natural increase from birth and death rates and include net migration when required.
  • Explain how healthcare, income or education can reduce death rates or birth rates.
  • Distinguish immigration, emigration and net migration when interpreting population change.

5.3.1—Factors that affect population growth question 1

[Maximum number: 4]

Read the source material carefully before answering Question 1.

Source material: Istanbul's geographical advantage

Source material: Istanbul's geographical advantage

Istanbul is Turkey's largest city by population size. In 2014, its population was approximately 14 times more than it was in 1955. This could be due to increased migration from rural areas to cities and improved healthcare. Istanbul also has the highest output per head of all regions in Turkey.

Good transport links have contributed to Istanbul's economic growth. In addition to good land transport, Istanbul is also home to the 14th 14^{\text {th }} largest airport in the world, measured by passenger numbers. From Istanbul, there is access to a market of $24\$ 24 trillion with 1.5 billion people within a flight time of 4 hours. In addition to affordable international air travel to and from Istanbul, domestic air travel is also very affordable. This is most likely due to economies of scale. There is also a high level of competition in this industry which influences prices and quality of service. The growth in transport industries, along with growth of financial services, has contributed greatly to Istanbul's growth rate as shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 The percentage growth of Istanbul's service sector and the percentage growth of Istanbul's total output 2010-2014

Table 1.1 The percentage growth of Istanbul's service sector and the percentage growth of Istanbul's total output 2010-2014

Foreign investment is flowing into Istanbul. Multinational companies (MNCs) are finding Istanbul an attractive city to invest in because of the low cost of living. These MNCs are affecting employment, the level of technology and wages in Istanbul.

However, there is worry that such confidence in the Turkish economy may not last. Many companies have depended on borrowing for expansion. Increased interest rates around the world may make it harder for such companies to continue borrowing and also to attract new customers. If there are greater worries about safety for tourists in Turkey in the future, this may cause fewer people to book flights to Turkey.

Explain two reasons for Istanbul's increased population.

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