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12. Experimental techniques and chemical analysis

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  1. 12.1 Experimental design

    1. 12.1.1Appropriate apparatus for the

      • Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, (a) stop-watches (b) thermometers (c) balances (d) burettes (e) volumetric pipettes (f) measuring cylinders (g) gas syringes

    2. 12.1.2Suggest advantages and disadvantages

      • Suggest advantages and disadvantages of experimental methods and apparatus

    3. 12.1.3Solvent dissolves a solute

      • Define: solvent dissolves a solute; solute is dissolved; solution is solute(s) in solvent; saturated solution has maximum solute at a specified temperature; residue remains after separation; filtrate passes through a filter

  2. 12.2 Acid–base titrations

    1. 12.2.1An acid–base titration to include the

      • Describe an acid–base titration to include the use of a: (a) burette (b) volumetric pipette (c) suitable indicator

    2. 12.2.2To identify the end-point of a

      • Describe how to identify the end-point of a titration using an indicator

  3. 12.3 Chromatography

    1. 12.3.1Paper chromatography is used to

      • Describe how paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble coloured substances, using a suitable solvent

    2. 12.3.2Interpret simple chromatograms to

      • Interpret simple chromatograms to identify: (a) unknown substances by comparison with known substances (b) pure and impure substances

    3. 12.3.3Paper chromatography is used to

      • Describe how paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble colourless substances, using a suitable solvent and a locating agent Knowledge of specific locating agents is not required

    4. 12.3.4And use the equation for Rf: Rf =

      • State and use the equation for Rf: Rf = distance travelled by substance distance travelled by solvent

  4. 12.4 Separation and purification

    1. 12.4.1Methods of separation and purification

      • Describe/explain methods of separation and purification using: (a) a suitable solvent (b) filtration (c) crystallisation (d) simple distillation (e) fractional distillation

    2. 12.4.2Suggest suitable separation and

      • Suggest suitable separation and purification techniques, given information about the substances involved

    3. 12.4.3Substances and assess their purity

      • Identify substances and assess their purity using melting point and boiling point information

  5. 12.5 Identification of ions and gases

    1. 12.5.1Anion tests

      • Describe anion tests: carbonate + dilute acid then CO2 test; halides (Cl-/Br-/I-) acidified with dilute HNO3 then aqueous AgNO3; nitrate with Al foil + aqueous NaOH then NH3 test; sulfate acidified with dilute HNO3 then aqueous Ba(NO3)2; sulfite with acidified KMnO4

    2. 12.5.2Cation tests using aqueous sodium

      • Describe cation tests using aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia for Al3+, NH4+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+

    3. 12.5.3Gas tests: NH3 with damp red litmus

      • Describe gas tests: NH3 with damp red litmus; CO2 with limewater; Cl2 with damp litmus; H2 with lighted splint; O2 with glowing splint; SO2 with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)

    4. 12.5.4Use of a flame test to identify the

      • Describe use of a flame test to identify the cations: (a) lithium, Li+ (b) sodium, Na+ (c) potassium, K+ (d) calcium, Ca2+ (e) barium, Ba2+ (f) copper(II), Cu2+