12. Experimental techniques and chemical analysis
- Syllabus
- 0620–2026–2027
- Section
- 12
- Level
- —
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In this section
Topic 12.1
12.1 Experimental design
Objectives in this topic
12.1.1—Appropriate apparatus for the
- Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, (a) stop-watches (b) thermometers (c) balances (d) burettes (e) volumetric pipettes (f) measuring cylinders (g) gas syringes
12.1.2—Suggest advantages and disadvantages
- Suggest advantages and disadvantages of experimental methods and apparatus
12.1.3—Solvent dissolves a solute
- Define: solvent dissolves a solute; solute is dissolved; solution is solute(s) in solvent; saturated solution has maximum solute at a specified temperature; residue remains after separation; filtrate passes through a filter
Topic 12.2
12.2 Acid–base titrations
Objectives in this topic
12.2.1—An acid–base titration to include the
- Describe an acid–base titration to include the use of a: (a) burette (b) volumetric pipette (c) suitable indicator
12.2.2—To identify the end-point of a
- Describe how to identify the end-point of a titration using an indicator
Topic 12.3
12.3 Chromatography
Objectives in this topic
12.3.1—Paper chromatography is used to
- Describe how paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble coloured substances, using a suitable solvent
12.3.2—Interpret simple chromatograms to
- Interpret simple chromatograms to identify: (a) unknown substances by comparison with known substances (b) pure and impure substances
12.3.3—Paper chromatography is used to
- Describe how paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble colourless substances, using a suitable solvent and a locating agent Knowledge of specific locating agents is not required
12.3.4—And use the equation for Rf: Rf =
- State and use the equation for Rf: Rf = distance travelled by substance distance travelled by solvent
Topic 12.4
12.4 Separation and purification
Objectives in this topic
12.4.1—Methods of separation and purification
- Describe/explain methods of separation and purification using: (a) a suitable solvent (b) filtration (c) crystallisation (d) simple distillation (e) fractional distillation
12.4.2—Suggest suitable separation and
- Suggest suitable separation and purification techniques, given information about the substances involved
12.4.3—Substances and assess their purity
- Identify substances and assess their purity using melting point and boiling point information
Topic 12.5
12.5 Identification of ions and gases
Objectives in this topic
12.5.1—Anion tests
- Describe anion tests: carbonate + dilute acid then CO2 test; halides (Cl-/Br-/I-) acidified with dilute HNO3 then aqueous AgNO3; nitrate with Al foil + aqueous NaOH then NH3 test; sulfate acidified with dilute HNO3 then aqueous Ba(NO3)2; sulfite with acidified KMnO4
12.5.2—Cation tests using aqueous sodium
- Describe cation tests using aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia for Al3+, NH4+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+
12.5.3—Gas tests: NH3 with damp red litmus
- Describe gas tests: NH3 with damp red litmus; CO2 with limewater; Cl2 with damp litmus; H2 with lighted splint; O2 with glowing splint; SO2 with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)
12.5.4—Use of a flame test to identify the
- Describe use of a flame test to identify the cations: (a) lithium, Li+ (b) sodium, Na+ (c) potassium, K+ (d) calcium, Ca2+ (e) barium, Ba2+ (f) copper(II), Cu2+