16. Reproduction
Start with Concept to understand a topic, then use Question Bank to check what you know.
Your progress
Sign in to see your mastery and mistakes.
16.1 Asexual reproduction
16.1.1Asexual reproduction as a process
• Describe asexual reproduction as a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
16.1.2Examples of asexual reproduction
• Identify examples of asexual reproduction in diagrams, images and information provided
16.1.3Advantages and disadvantages
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction: (a) to a population of a species in the wild (b) to crop production
16.2 Sexual reproduction
16.2.1Sexual reproduction as a process
• Describe sexual reproduction as a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other
16.2.2Fertilisation as the fusion
• Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei of gametes
16.2.3Nuclei of gametes are haploid and that
• State that nuclei of gametes are haploid and that the nucleus of a zygote is diploid
16.2.4Advantages and disadvantages of sexual
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction: (a) to a population of a species in the wild (b) to crop production
16.3 Sexual reproduction in plants
16.3.1Draw the following parts
• Identify in diagrams and images and draw the following parts of an insect-pollinated flower: sepals, petals, stamens, filaments, anthers, carpels, style, stigma, ovary and ovules
16.3.2Functions of the structures listed
• State the functions of the structures listed in 16.3.1
16.3.3Describe the anthers and stigmas
• Identify in diagrams and images and describe the anthers and stigmas of a wind-pollinated flower
16.3.4Pollen grains of insect-pollinated
• Distinguish between the pollen grains of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers
16.3.5Pollination as the transfer of pollen
• Describe pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma
16.3.9Self-pollination as the transfer
• Describe self-pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant
16.3.10Cross-pollination as the transfer
• Describe cross-pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species
16.3.11Potential effects of self-pollination
• Discuss the potential effects of self-pollination and cross-pollination on a population, in terms of variation, capacity to respond to changes in the environment and reliance on pollinators
16.3.6Fertilisation occurs when a pollen
• State that fertilisation occurs when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule
16.3.7Structural adaptations
• Describe the structural adaptations of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers
16.3.8Environmental conditions that affect
• Investigate and describe the environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds, limited to the requirement for: water, oxygen and a suitable temperature
16.3.12Growth of the pollen tube and its
• Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation (details of production of endosperm and development are not required)
16.4 Sexual reproduction in humans
16.4.1Male reproductive system parts
• Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following parts of the male reproductive system: testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis
16.4.2Female reproductive system parts
• Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following parts of the female reproductive system: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina
16.4.3Fertilisation as the fusion
• Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell)
16.4.4Adaptive features of sperm
• Explain the adaptive features of sperm, limited to: flagellum, mitochondria and enzymes in the acrosome
16.4.5Adaptive features of egg cells
• Explain the adaptive features of egg cells, limited to: energy stores and the jelly coat that changes at fertilisation
16.4.6Male and female gametes in terms
• Compare male and female gametes in terms of: size, structure, motility and numbers
16.4.7In early development, the zygote forms
• State that in early development, the zygote forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that implants into the lining of the uterus
16.4.8Fetus development structures
• Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following in the development of the fetus: umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid
16.4.9Function of the placenta and umbilical
• Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to the exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products between the blood of the mother and the blood of the fetus
16.4.10Some pathogens and toxins can pass
• State that some pathogens and toxins can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus
16.5 Sex hormones in humans
16.5.1Roles of testosterone and oestrogen
• Describe the roles of testosterone and oestrogen in the development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
16.5.2Menstrual cycle in terms of changes
• Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus
16.5.3Sites of production of oestrogen
• Describe the sites of production of oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy
16.5.4Role of hormones in controlling
• Explain the role of hormones in controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, limited to FSH, LH, progesterone and oestrogen
16.6 Sexually transmitted infections
16.6.1Sexually transmitted infection (STI)
• Describe a sexually transmitted infection (STI) as an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact
16.6.2Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is
• State that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a pathogen that causes an STI
16.6.3HIV infection may lead to AIDS
• State that HIV infection may lead to AIDS
16.6.4Methods of transmission of HIV
• Describe the methods of transmission of HIV
16.6.5Spread of STIs is controlled
• Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled