Learning objective
B.4.1 (HL)—First law of thermodynamics
• First law for closed systems: Q = ΔU + W.
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B.4 Thermodynamics
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Learning objective
B.4.2 (HL)—Gas work
• Work done by/on a gas from pressure-volume change: W = PΔV.
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Learning objective
B.4.3 (HL)—Internal energy change
• The change in internal energy: ΔU = 3 2 NkBΔT = 3 2nRΔT of a system is related to the change of its temperature.
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Learning objective
B.4.4 (HL)—Entropy and disorder
• Entropy relates to microscopic disorder of particles in a system.
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Learning objective
B.4.5 (HL)—Entropy equations
• Entropy change: ΔS=ΔQ/T. • Statistical entropy: S=kB ln Ω.
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Learning objective
B.4.6 (HL)—Second law of thermodynamics
• Second law: entropy of an isolated system never decreases.
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Learning objective
B.4.7 (HL)—Irreversibility
• Real isolated processes are usually irreversible; entropy tends to increase.
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Learning objective
B.4.8 (HL)—Local entropy decrease
• Local entropy can decrease in a non-isolated system if surroundings increase more. • Surroundings must increase entropy enough for total entropy to increase.
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Learning objective
B.4.9 (HL)—Gas processes
• Know isovolumetric, isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic gas processes. • Processes keep one state variable or heat transfer condition fixed.
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Learning objective
B.4.10 (HL)—Adiabatic ideal gas
• Adiabatic monatomic ideal gas: PV^(5/3)=constant.
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Learning objective
B.4.11 (HL)—Heat engine cycles
• Cyclic gas processes underpin heat engines.
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Learning objective
B.4.12 (HL)—Heat engine efficiency
• Heat engine efficiency: η=W/QH=1-QC/QH.
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Learning objective
B.4.13 (HL)—Carnot efficiency limit
• Carnot efficiency limit: ηCarnot = 1 - TC/TH.
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