S2.1.1—Exploring

Start with evidence, then narrow the question

Consult varied sources, select information that is relevant and sufficient, and note the conditions under which each claim applies. Use that background to identify a measurable relationship or comparison—not merely a broad topic.

Stage	What it must contain	Pendulum example
Research question	System, independent variable, dependent variable and conditions	How does pendulum length affect period when the release angle is kept small?
Hypothesis	A testable relationship supported by physics	Period increases with length, consistent with the pendulum model
Prediction	The observable outcome expected from the planned measurements	Longer pendulums will take longer per oscillation

Explain the prediction

Connect the expected change to scientific understanding and state the assumptions that make the model useful. Independent thinking means using sources to justify and refine the question, not copying a source's conclusion.

Keep the three stages distinct

A question asks what will be investigated; a hypothesis proposes a relationship; a prediction states what the measurements should show. Each must remain testable by the proposed evidence.

How it is assessed

Questions identify two reasons why a scientific model is useful.

Command terms

Identify

What earns marks

Give two distinct functions, such as prediction, explanation, visualization or simplification.

Watch for

Repeating one benefit in different words or giving a feature of a model rather than its scientific use.

Design from a question

Turn context into a measurable question, hypothesis and prediction with independent, dependent and controlled variables.

Make evidence reliable

Choose a useful range and repeats, calibrate instruments, control relevant conditions and reduce or correct known losses and background.

S2.1.1—Exploring

Form Research Questions

S2.1.1 Exam Analysis

Assessment in practice

Retrieve Investigation Design