S1.2.2—Data processing technology

Use a spreadsheet deliberately

Keep raw data separate from calculated columns. Use formulas to transform variables, propagate units and uncertainties, and make the calculation reproducible rather than replacing the reasoning with a cell output.

Choose a graph that tests the model

Plot the variables suggested by the relationship. A straight line, its gradient and intercept can reveal the constant, proportionality or systematic offset.

Worked processing route — test a nonlinear model

If a model predicts $y=kx^2$, keep the raw $x$ and $y$ columns, create a spreadsheet column for $x^2$, then plot $y$ against $x^2$. A straight-line model with intercept consistent with the physical expectation supports the proposed form; the gradient estimates $k$ with the plotted units.

State model assumptions

A simulation explores consequences of chosen assumptions; it does not independently validate them. Compare simulated and measured outputs and identify which parameters were held fixed.

Keep the process reproducible

Label axes and units, preserve formulas rather than pasted answers, and state model settings. A graph or trendline does not explain itself: connect its gradient, intercept and deviations to the physical relationship being tested.