Learning objective
HL.c.1—Ethics definition
• Branch of philosophy • Moral principles, right and wrong behaviours
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Course review
HL.c Environmental ethics
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Learning objective
HL.c.2—Environmental ethics
• Addresses environmental issues • Arose in 1960s-1970s • Western traditions inadequate for non-human entities
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Learning objective
HL.c.3—Ethical frameworks
• From differing fundamental beliefs • Human-nature relationship • Ecocentric: nature has intrinsic and equal rights • Stewardship: human responsibility towards nature • Anthropocentric/technocentric: nature serves human needs
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Learning objective
HL.c.4—Instrumental value
• Usefulness for humans • Goods, services, human development opportunities
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Learning objective
HL.c.5—Intrinsic value
• Value for what it is • Non-living: wild, culturally significant, beautiful • Living: organized for survival/reproduction
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Learning objective
HL.c.6—Instrumental and intrinsic not exclusive
• Example: whales (aesthetic and tourist attraction)
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Learning objective
HL.c.7—Moral standing
• Should be morally considered • Ecocentrists: all living things (some include non-living) • Extends to future generations
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Learning objective
HL.c.8—Three ethical approaches
• Virtue ethics: person's character • Consequentialist (utilitarian): action consequences • Rights-based (deontological): entity rights
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Learning objective
HL.c.9—Virtue ethics
• Good people do good actions • Respect, compassion, responsibility towards nature
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Learning objective
HL.c.10—Consequentialist ethics
• Consequences determine morality • Good consequences = good actions • Greatest common good
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Learning objective
HL.c.11—Rights-based ethics
• Focus on actions conflicting with rights • Debate about what rights exist
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Learning objective
HL.c.12—"Appeal to nature" fallacy
• Whatever is natural is correct/good • Contentious position • Not all natural things are good (e.g., diseases)
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Learning objective
HL.c.13—Environmental and social justice movements
• Developed from separate histories • Increasingly seeking common goals • Equitable and just societies
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