Learning objective
3.4.1—Nucleophiles
• Donate electron pair to electrophile • Recognize nucleophiles as electron-rich species
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3.4 Electron-pair sharing reactions
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Learning objective
3.4.2—Nucleophilic substitution
• Nucleophile donates pair, forms new bond • Another bond breaks, leaving group departs • Deduce substitution products from nucleophile and leaving group
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Learning objective
3.4.3—Heterolytic fission
• Both electrons stay with one fragment • Forms ions • Use curly arrows to show electron-pair movement
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Learning objective
3.4.4—Electrophiles
• Accept electron pair from nucleophile • Recognize electrophiles as electron-deficient species
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Learning objective
3.4.5—Electrophilic addition to alkenes
• High electron density at C=C bond • Reactions: + H₂O, + halogens, + hydrogen halides • Deduce alkene addition equations; SL mechanisms are not assessed
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Learning objective
3.4.6—Lewis acid-base theory
• Lewis acid = electron-pair acceptor • Lewis base = electron-pair donor • Classify nucleophiles/electrophiles using Lewis acid-base theory
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Learning objective
3.4.7—Coordination bond formation
• Lewis base + Lewis acid • Nucleophiles = Lewis bases • Electrophiles = Lewis acids • Explain coordination bond formation with electron-pair donation
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Learning objective
3.4.8—Complex ions
• Ligands donate electron pairs to transition metal cations • Identify ligands and central transition metal cations in complex ions
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