Course review

2.2 Rate of chemical change

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Learning objective

2.2.1—Rate of reaction

New

• Change in concentration per unit time • Determine rates from tangents of concentration, volume, or mass graphs

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Learning objective

2.2.2—Collision theory

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• Sufficient energy + proper orientation required • Kinetic energy and temperature (Kelvin) • Explain successful collisions using activation energy and orientation

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Learning objective

2.2.3—Factors affecting rate

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• Pressure, concentration, surface area, temperature, catalyst • Predict and explain rate changes when conditions change

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Learning objective

2.2.4—Activation energy (Ea)

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• Minimum energy for successful collision • Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves • Use Maxwell-Boltzmann curves to show temperature effects on successful collisions

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Learning objective

2.2.5—Catalysts

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• Provide alternative pathway with lower Ea • Energy profiles with/without catalysts • Explain catalyst effects on energy profiles and Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions

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Learning objective

2.2.6 (HL)—Reaction mechanisms

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• Series of elementary steps • Slowest step = rate-determining • Intermediates vs. transition states • Evaluate proposed mechanisms against kinetic and stoichiometric data

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Learning objective

2.2.7 (HL)—Energy profiles

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• Show Ea and transition state of rate-determining step • Construct and interpret multistep energy profiles from kinetic data

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Learning objective

2.2.8 (HL)—Molecularity

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• Number of particles in elementary step • Unimolecular, bimolecular, termolecular

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Learning objective

2.2.9 (HL)—Rate equations

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• Determined experimentally, depend on mechanism • Deduce rate equations from experimental data

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Learning objective

2.2.10 (HL)—Reaction order

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• Exponent in rate equation • Zero, first, second order • Overall order = sum of individual orders • Analyse concentration-time and rate-concentration graphs

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Learning objective

2.2.11 (HL)—Rate constant (k)

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• Temperature dependent • Units from overall order • Solve rate equation problems, including units of k

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Learning objective

2.2.12 (HL)—Arrhenius equation

New

• Temperature dependence of k determines Ea • Linear form: ln k vs. 1/T

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Learning objective

2.2.13 (HL)—Arrhenius factor (A)

New

• Frequency of proper collision orientations • Determine activation energy and Arrhenius factor from data

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