Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• Neurons carry electrical impulses in the nervous system • Motor, sensory, and relay neurons differ in axon, dendrite, and cell body arrangement
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Learning objective
• Sodium-potassium pumps use ATP to move 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in • Ion gradients make the resting axon polarized at about -70 mV
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Learning objective
• A nerve impulse is a propagated action potential along a nerve fibre • Stimulus-triggered sodium influx reverses membrane polarity
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Learning objective
• Larger axon diameter lowers resistance and increases impulse speed • Myelin sheaths and nodes of Ranvier enable faster saltatory conduction
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Learning objective
• Synapses connect neurons to neurons, muscles, or glands • Chemical synapses transmit one way across a narrow synaptic cleft
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Learning objective
• Action potentials open voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels in presynaptic terminals • Ca²⁺ causes vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter exocytosis into the cleft
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Learning objective
• Neurotransmitters diffuse and bind receptors on the postsynaptic membrane • EPSPs depolarize the membrane and make threshold more likely
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