Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• Gene expression uses DNA information to affect phenotype through proteins • Main stages are transcription, translation, and protein function
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Learning objective
• Transcription factors bind specific DNA sequences to regulate transcription • Promoters, enhancers, activators, and repressors alter RNA polymerase activity
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Learning objective
• mRNA degradation controls how long translation can continue • Poly-A tail shortening and nucleases help remove mRNA after use
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Learning objective
• Epigenesis develops differentiation patterns from an undifferentiated zygote • Epigenetic changes alter gene activity without changing DNA base sequence
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Learning objective
• Genome is all genetic information; transcriptome is expressed mRNA set • Proteome is the dynamic protein set produced by cell type, time, and environment
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Learning objective
• Promoter DNA methylation usually represses downstream transcription • Histone methylation or acetylation changes chromatin access and gene expression
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Learning objective
• Epigenetic inheritance passes gene-expression changes without DNA sequence change • Persistent DNA methylation or histone tags can survive cell division or gamete formation
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Learning objective
• Diet, oxygen, light, drugs, temperature, mutagens, and pollution can alter expression • Air pollution can modify DNA and histone methylation linked to lung disease
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Learning objective
• Most epigenetic tags are reset during human egg and sperm development • Retained imprints can silence one parental allele and affect offspring phenotypes
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Learning objective
• Monozygotic twins share a genome, helping test genetic versus environmental effects • Epigenetic differences can accumulate with age and different environments
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Learning objective
• Hormones regulate eukaryotic expression through receptors and transcription factors • Lac and trp operons show inducible and repressible gene control in bacteria
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