AP Environmental Science Unit 9: Global Change

and describe one human health benefit that results from the absorption of this solar energy.
(2 points: 1 point for identifying ultraviolet (UV, UV-B, or UV-C) radiation as the type absorbed by stratospheric ozone and 1 point for a correct description of a health benefit resulting from the absorption of UV radiation in the stratosphere; only the first type of solar radiation and health effect can earn points)
The following are acceptable human health benefits resulting from the absorption of UV radiation in the stratosphere:

- Low rates of skin cancer (e.g., basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma)

- Low rates of sunburns

- Low rates of eye damage (e.g., cataracts)

(2 points: 1 point for a correct description of the chemical decomposition of stratospheric ozone and 1 point for a correct description of the formation of stratospheric ozone)
Correct descriptions of the chemical decomposition of stratospheric ozone include one of the following:

- Ozone absorbs UV radiation, producing an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom

- Ozone molecules absorb UV radiation, producing oxygen molecules

Correct descriptions of the chemical formation of stratospheric ozone include one of the following:

- An oxygen molecule reacts with an oxygen atom to form ozone

- Oxygen molecules absorb UV radiation, forming ozone molecules

OR:
The chemical decomposition and formation of stratospheric ozone may be described together:

- Ozone absorbs UV radiation producing an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom, which then react to form ozone

(Note: This combined explanation earns both points.)

The Montreal Protocol of 1987 provided a global framework to phase out chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) production and use. Although the Montreal Protocol has led to a dramatic decrease in CFCs released into the atmosphere, stratospheric ozone destruction has decreased only slightly.

Explain the process by which CFCs lead to the destruction of stratospheric ozone. (You may use chemical equations in your answer.)
(2 points: 1 point for a correct description of the decomposition of CFCs and 1 point for a correct description of the reaction of ozone with chlorine)
Correct descriptions of the decomposition of CFCs include one of the following:

- Absorption of UV radiation by CFC molecules releases chlorine atoms

Correct descriptions of the destruction of stratospheric ozone include one of the following:

- Chlorine atoms break down ozone molecules

Explain why the rapid decrease in CFC emissions has not led to a similarly rapid decrease in the destruction of stratospheric ozone.
(1 point can be earned for a correct explanation linking the absence of a rapid decrease in the destruction of stratospheric ozone with one of the following):

- The slow migration of CFCs into the stratosphere.

- The long lifetime of CFCs and/or chlorine in the stratosphere.

- The continued release of other ozone-depleting substances.

1 point the atmosphere.
Accept one of the following:

- It traps heat effectively leading to climate change/global warming.

- The greenhouse effect is enhanced, increasing global temperatures/warming.

- It is a greenhouse gas, which leads to climate change/global warming.

- It is a greenhouse gas, which leads to melting ice/rising sea levels.

- $\frac{150 \mathrm{~L} \text { methane per day }}{\text { cow }} \times 31,200,000$ cows (cattle) $\times \frac{365 \text { days }}{1 \text { year }}$

- $31,200,000 \times \frac{150 \mathrm{~L}}{\text { cow }} \times 365$ days

- $150 \times 31,200,000 \times 365$

One point for the correct calculation of the amount of methane released in one year: 1 point
Accept one of the following:

- 1,708,200,000,000 L

- $1.7 \times 10^{12} \mathrm{~L}$

Total for part (e)

2 points