1.8—Chemical equations to calculate volumes of gases and vice versa

Be able to use chemical equations to calculate volumes of gases and vice versa, using: i the concepts of amount of substance ii the molar volume of gases iii the expression pV = nRT for gases and volatile liquids.

Use —chemical equations to calculate volumes of gases and vice versa to connect the rule to the data and decision in the question.

This matters because —chemical equations to calculate volumes of gases and vice versa determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —chemical equations to calculate volumes of gases and vice versa to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: use the formula and units given in the question, show the substitution and interpret the result; the calculation alone is not the conclusion.