20.5—The following techniques used in the preparation and purification of organic compounds: i refluxing ii purification by

Understand the following techniques used in the preparation and purification of organic compounds: i refluxing ii purification by washing, including with water and sodium carbonate solution iii solvent extraction iv recrystallisation v drying vi distillation vii steam distillation viii melting temperature determination ix boiling temperature determination.

Use —the following techniques used in the preparation and purification of organic compounds: i refluxing ii purification by to connect the rule to the data and decision in the question.

This matters because —the following techniques used in the preparation and purification of organic compounds: i refluxing ii purification by determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —the following techniques used in the preparation and purification of organic compounds: i refluxing ii purification by to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: —The following techniques used in the preparation and purification of organic compounds: i refluxing ii purification by is not a universal recommendation. Check the syllabus scope, assumptions, units and the limits of the evidence before generalising.