Edexcel IAL Biology A2 Topic 7 Question Bank

[Maximum number: 4]

Aerobic respiration is made up of several stages.

(a)

Which is the correct order of the stages of respiration required for the complete oxidation of glucose?

□ A
□ B
□ C
□ D

Table for Question (a) — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

[ 1 ]

(b)

Write a balanced equation for the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration.

[ 2 ]

An answer showing the following steps:

- equation (1)

- balanced equation (1)

accept incorrect formula e.g. CO2 accept correct word equation

e.g. $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}+6 \mathrm{O}_{2} \rightarrow 6 \mathrm{CO}_{2}+6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ ignore ATP / ADP

1 mark if equation correct but not balanced

(c)

The equation shows the aerobic respiration of a lipid.

2 \mathrm{C}_{18} \mathrm{H}_{34} \mathrm{O}_{2}+51 \mathrm{O}_{2} \rightarrow 36 \mathrm{CO}_{2}+34 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}

[ 1 ]

(i)

Which is the respiratory quotient when this lipid is used in aerobic respiration? (1)

A

0.67

B

0.71

C

1.06

D

1.42

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 9]

Animals use aerobic and anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.

(a)

Aerobic respiration has three stages where reactions occur between enzymes and substrates.

[ 3 ]

(i)

Which row of the table shows the location of each stage?

□ A
□ B
□ C
□ D

Table for Question (i) — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

[ 1 ]

(ii)

A student calculated the volume of oxygen used by a cockroach as $1.7 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ hour ${ }^{-1}$ . The same cockroach produced $1.3 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ hour ${ }^{-1}$ of carbon dioxide in the same time.

What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) of this cockroach?

A

0.7

B

0.8

C

1.3

D

2.2

[ 1 ]

(iii)

Hydramethylnon is an insecticide that is used to treat termite infestations.

Hydramethylnon inhibits the electron transport chain.

Which row of the table shows the expected changes caused by hydramethylnon?

Table for Question (iii) — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

[ 1 ]

(b)

The photograph shows a crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) that lives in saltwater habitats.

Figure for Question (b) — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

An investigation measured the lactate production rate of these crocodiles when they were active.

The graph shows the results of this investigation.

Lactate production rate $/ \mu \mathrm{mol} \min ^{-1} \mathrm{~g}^{-1}$

Each plotted point on the graph represents a single crocodile.

Discuss the roles of the different types of respiration in these active crocodiles.

Use the information in the graph and your own knowledge to support your answer.

[ 6 ]

[Maximum number: 12]

The fastest recorded speed by a human was set by Usain Bolt sprinting in 2009. He achieved a speed of 12.3 metres per second.

(a)

Name the main type of muscle fibre that is being used in the leg muscles of a sprinter.

[ 1 ]

(b)

During a sprint race, leg muscles produce lactate.

Describe what happens to the lactate at the end of the race.

[ 3 ]

(c)

Which of the following statements are features of muscle fibres in a long-distance runner?

1. have reduced blood capillary network
2. have larger number of mitochondria
3. contain a low concentration of myoglobin

A

1 only

B

2 only

C

1 and 3 only

D

2 and 3 only

[ 1 ]

(d)

Which of the following explains how muscles contract?

A

Fick's law

B

fluid mosaic model

C

lock and key hypothesis

D

sliding filament model

[ 1 ]

(e)

Exercise has many benefits for the health and wellbeing of an individual.

An investigation was carried out on non-athletes and athletes. All participants did a series of physical exercises and several measurements were taken. The means of the measurements are given in the table.

Table for Question (e) — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

In a different investigation the relationship between power generated and oxygen used was studied in athletes and non-athletes. The results are shown in the graph.

Figure for Question (e) — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

Discuss the differences in the results for the athletes and non-athletes in these two investigations.

Use your knowledge and information in the table and graph to support and explain your answer.

[ 6 ]

1

2

3

Indicative content

consideration of data in table

-resting heart heart rate in athletes lower

-peak heart rate higher in non athletes

-maximum, volume of oxygen used higher in athletes in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions

explanation of data in table

- athletes have a lower resting heart rate as have greater \{heart muscle / greater stroke volume / greater cardiac output\}

- non athletes peak heart rate is higher than athletes as heart needs to contract \{more / faster\} to get oxygen to tissues as \{less developed heart muscle / lower peak flow\}

- athletes use more oxygen due to greater quantity of muscle cells (to be used in aerobic respiration)

consideration of data in graph

-as power generated increases oxygen used increases

-athletes use more oxygen than non-athletes

-athletes generate more power than non-athletes

- in the graph non athletes have lower VO2 at the same power

explanation of data in graph

- athletes use more oxygen

- meaning that the metabolic efficiency / circulatory system efficiency athletes is higher

- athletes have greater lung capacity

- athletes have more muscles so can achieve greater power

- resulting from years of training

- athletes have more slow twitch fibres which give greater power

-leading to increased muscle growth / development:/ increased lung capacity and gas exchange: increased metabolism /increased energy production in cells/ increased aerobic respiration/increased ATP production / more mitochondria / more myoglobin

5

circulatory and respiratory system

- circulatory and respiratory system work together to enable exercise

- heart rate in athletes lower than non athletes compensates for by having an increase in strength of beats - bigger heart - more heart muscle.

- increase in arterial pressure caused by increased cardiac output.

- cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

- ref to lung capacity / peak flow of athletes / ventilation rate

muscles

- training increases muscle growth / repair / replacement / capillary network

- athletes muscle have greater capillary network

- depending on exercise will increase amount of slow and fast twitch muscle fibres

-more ATP can be used for breaking cross bridges / movement of calcium ions

- contain more myoglobin to store oxygen

- in non athletes muscles atrophy which affects the ability to do exercise and venous flow back to the heart

biochemistry

- more ATP due to more mitochondria / aerobic respiration / more oxygen available

- athletes have greater tolerance to lactic acid from anaerobic respiration due to training

- more oxygen carried to cells for aerobic respiration

-BMR higher in athletes to release energy

consideration of methodology

- in table no SD / error bars / statistical test so no indication of validity or range of data

- in graph no SD/error bars / statistical test so no indication of validity or range of data

- comment on range of data in graph / overlap between athletes and non athletes

- comment on methodology - age / gender / amount of training

Level 1: Description of (a minimum of 2 specific) results from table and graph

Level 2: Reference to all of level one plus one explanation of the effects of exercise / training with some details on physiological processes

Level 3: Reference to all of level one and two plus one detailed explanation of the effects of exercise / training with significant details on physiological processes at cellular / genetic level.

[Maximum number: 2]

Aerobic respiration is made up of several stages.

Write a balanced equation for the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration.

An answer showing the following steps:

- equation (1)

- balanced equation (1)

accept incorrect formula e.g. CO2 accept correct word equation

e.g. $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}+6 \mathrm{O}_{2} \rightarrow 6 \mathrm{CO}_{2}+6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ ignore ATP / ADP

1 mark if equation correct but not balanced

[Maximum number: 6]

Animals use aerobic and anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.

The photograph shows a crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) that lives in saltwater habitats.

Figure for Question 5 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

An investigation measured the lactate production rate of these crocodiles when they were active.

The graph shows the results of this investigation.

Lactate production rate $/ \mu \mathrm{mol} \min ^{-1} \mathrm{~g}^{-1}$

Each plotted point on the graph represents a single crocodile.

Discuss the roles of the different types of respiration in these active crocodiles.

Use the information in the graph and your own knowledge to support your answer.

[Maximum number: 1]

Animals use aerobic and anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.

Aerobic respiration has three stages where reactions occur between enzymes and substrates.

Which row of the table shows the location of each stage?

□ A
□ B
□ C
□ D

Table for Question 6 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

[Maximum number: 1]

Animals use aerobic and anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.

Aerobic respiration has three stages where reactions occur between enzymes and substrates.

Hydramethylnon is an insecticide that is used to treat termite infestations.

Hydramethylnon inhibits the electron transport chain.

Which row of the table shows the expected changes caused by hydramethylnon?

Table for Question 7 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

[Maximum number: 3]

The fastest recorded speed by a human was set by Usain Bolt sprinting in 2009. He achieved a speed of 12.3 metres per second.

During a sprint race, leg muscles produce lactate.

Describe what happens to the lactate at the end of the race.

[Maximum number: 1]

Animals use aerobic and anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.

Aerobic respiration has three stages where reactions occur between enzymes and substrates.

A student calculated the volume of oxygen used by a cockroach as $1.7 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ hour ${ }^{-1}$ . The same cockroach produced $1.3 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}$ hour ${ }^{-1}$ of carbon dioxide in the same time.

What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) of this cockroach?

A

0.7

B

0.8

C

1.3

D

2.2

[Maximum number: 5]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a type of yeast. It is a single-celled organism which is widely used in brewing and baking. The photograph shows yeast cells seen through a microscope.

Figure for Question 10 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration in yeast, using an artificial hydrogen carrier (redox indicator).

A description that contains five of the following:

- range of five suitable temperatures used (1)

- use of thermostatic waterbath (1)

- incubate yeast and indicator separately to reach same temperature (1)

- suitable named indicator used (1)

- record time taken for colour to change (1)

- identification of one variable (1)

- repeats and calculate \{ means/SD's \} (to compare) (1)

Accept temperatures between 5 and $45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (ignore additional temperatures outside the range)

Accept waterbath set at a stated temperature

Accept to equilibrate/acclimatise

Accept TTC / DCPIP / methylene blue ignore stated colours

Accept: pH

\{volume / conc/mass/strain/type\} of yeast suspension/ volume/conc of TTC Ignore species

Accept average

[Maximum number: 4]

The diagram shows some maggots in a respirometer.

Figure for Question 11 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

This respirometer can be used to investigate the uptake of oxygen during the respiration of maggots.

A student used this respirometer with soda lime to measure the movement of the coloured liquid.

The table shows the results.

Table for Question 11 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

(a)

Calculate the mean rate of oxygen uptake in $\mathrm{mm}^{3} \mathrm{~min}^{-1}$ .

The internal diameter of the capillary tube was 0.2 mm .
The volume of a cylinder (V) is calculated using the formula

\pi r^{2} l

Give your answer to two significant figures. $\mathrm{mm}^{3} \min ^{-1}$

[ 3 ]

- calculation of mean distance (1)

- correct use of $r^{2}(1)$

- correct answer (1)

Allow ECF for MP2 and MP3 L = $4.4(\mathrm{~mm})$ $\mathrm{r}^{2}=0.01\left(\mathrm{~mm}^{2}\right)$ $0.14\left(\mathrm{~mm}^{3} \mathrm{~min}^{-1}\right)$ 0.138 gets 2 marks

correct answer with no working gains (3) marks

(b)

The soda lime was removed and replaced with glass beads in order to calculate the RQ .

Suggest why this allows the student to calculate the RQ.

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 1]

Movement in mammals results from interactions between muscles, tendons, ligaments and bones.

How many of the following statements about tendons are correct?
- tendons act as extensors
- tendons are myogenic
- tendons connect muscles to bones

A

0

B

1

C

2

D

3

[Maximum number: 5]

Movement in mammals results from interactions between muscles, tendons, ligaments and bones.

(a)

The photograph shows part of a skeletal muscle fibre as seen using an electron microscope.

Figure for Question (a) — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

[ 5 ]

(i)

Which pair of letters represents the length of one sarcomere?

A

P to T

B

P to U

C

Q to T

D

R to S

[ 1 ]

(ii)

Describe how the structure of a fast twitch muscle fibre differs from a slow twitch muscle fibre.

[ 4 ]

[Maximum number: 3]

Movement in mammals results from interactions between muscles, tendons, ligaments and bones.

The graph shows the relationship between the force of muscle contraction and the velocity of muscle contraction.

Figure for Question 14 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

The greater the number of cross bridges formed between actin and myosin the greater the force of contraction of a muscle.

Explain the relationship between the force and the velocity of contraction of a muscle.
(3)

[Maximum number: 5]

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is an inherited disease that can affect different organ systems.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein produced in the liver.

(a)

Activity of the heart was investigated in the same patient.

The trace shows a normal electrocardiogram (ECG).

[ 5 ]

(i)

Name the stage of the cardiac cycle at T on this ECG.

[ 1 ]

(ii)

The ECG of the patient with AAT is shown in the trace.

Figure for Question (ii) — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

Calculate the mean heart rate shown in this ECG trace.

Answer

[ 1 ]

(iii)

Compare and contrast the ECG trace of this patient with the normal ECG trace.

[ 3 ]

[Maximum number: 7]

Exercise affects the cardiac output of a person.
The graph shows the change in heart rate following exercise for an unfit person and for a fit person.

Figure for Question 16 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

(a)

Explain the difference in the time it would take for these two individuals to recover from the exercise.

[ 3 ]

(b)

Describe how heart rate is controlled in response to changes in the blood, following exercise.

[ 4 ]

[Maximum number: 7]

The human body responds to changes in both its internal and external environments.

(a)

How many of these statements describe the effects of adrenaline in the "fight or flight" response?
- arterioles constrict in skeletal muscles
- glycogen is released from the liver
- the rate of food digestion decreases

A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3

[ 1 ]

(b)

The heart responds to adrenaline by increasing cardiac output.

Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume

[ 6 ]

(i)

Ageing is associated with changes in the way the heart responds to adrenaline. In an investigation, the effects of adrenaline on the hearts of young people and old people were recorded.
The graphs show the results of this investigation.

Figure for Question (i) — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

Cardiac index / a.u.

Change in blood pressure / mm Hg

Discuss the effect of ageing on the response of the heart to adrenaline.
Use the information in the graphs to support your answer.
(6)

[ 6 ]

An answer that includes the following points:

Indicative content - description from graphs and experimental data

Heart rate:

- as the concentration of adrenaline increases, the increase in heart rate increases in both groups

- this increase is (slightly) \{greater in the older group of people / lower in younger people\}

- at all concentrations of adrenaline the older group have greater \{change/heart rate\} / at all concentrations of adrenaline the younger group have smaller \{change/heart rate\}

- but there are no error bars to judge whether or not this difference is significant

- due to stated effect of aging on heart - weaker muscle/effect on SAN/lower stroke volume

Cardiac index:

- as the concentration of adrenaline increases, the increase in cardiac index increases in both groups

- the increase is the same at $\{20 / 40\} \mathrm{ng} \mathrm{kg}^{-1} \mathrm{~min}^{-1}$

- at concentrations above $40 \mathrm{ng} \mathrm{kg}^{-1} \min ^{-1}$ the increase is \{lower in older people / greater in younger people\}

- overall the increase cardiac index is \{lower for the older people / greater for younger people\}

- due to lower cardiac output / increased body surface area/lower stroke volume / (accept converse for younger people)

- but there are no error bars to judge whether or not this difference is significant

(6)

Change in blood pressure

- blood pressures decrease and then increase in both groups (as adrenaline concentration increases)

- a concentration of $20 \mathrm{ng} \mathrm{kg}^{-1} \mathrm{~min}^{-1}$ decreases the blood pressure in both groups

- a concentration of $\{\mathbf{8 4 - 1 2 0}\} \mathbf{~ n g ~ k g}^{\mathbf{- 1}} \mathbf{m i n}^{-1}$ increases the blood pressure in older people

- in older people lower change in blood pressure (in response to higher concentrations of adrenaline) / converse for younger people

- due to stated changes of aging on heart muscle/ blood vessels/baroreceptors

- no overlap of error bars between older and younger people indicate that these differences are significant (at all concentrations of adrenaline) / the error bars overlap for some concentrations for older people meaning that these differences are not significant / the error bars do not overlap for some concentrations for younger people meaning that these differences are significant

Level 1:

1 or 2 graphs commented on changes in heart rate/cardiac index/blood pressure as concentration of adrenalin increases

Level 2:

2 or 3 graphs commented on, including details of the effect of adrenaline on older people

Level 3:

All 3 graphs commented on, including details of the effect of adrenaline on older people and discussion of the significance of the data.

[Maximum number: 2]

The diagram shows a spirometer that can be used to investigate human lung function.

Figure for Question 18 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

A student used a spirometer to investigate the consumption of oxygen of a group of volunteers.

The graph shows a spirometer trace from one volunteer breathing at rest.

The line PQ indicates the oxygen consumption. Volume of air / dm ^3 Calculate the rate of oxygen consumption between P and Q. Give your answer with appropriate units.

[Maximum number: 2]

The scientific article you have studied is adapted from an article in Clinical Nutrition entitled Muscle tissue changes with aging (July 2004).

Use the information from the scientific article and your own knowledge to answer the following questions.

Insulin control of blood glucose is an example of a negative feedback loop (paragraph 7).

Explain how negative feedback can maintain a system within a narrow limit.

[Maximum number: 3]

The brain is responsible for processing information and coordinating responses.

Some seizures can result in an increase in body temperature.

Suggest how a seizure in part of the brain could lead to an increase in body temperature.

[Maximum number: 1]

The kidney is involved in the process of homeostasis in a mammal.

The electron micrograph shows a transverse section of part of a proximal tubule.

Figure for Question 21 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

Name the structures labelled S .

[Maximum number: 1]

The kidney is involved in the process of homeostasis in a mammal.

The electron micrograph shows a transverse section of part of a proximal tubule.

Figure for Question 22 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

Name the process by which the fluid moves from the plasma into the renal tubule (nephron).

[Maximum number: 3]

The kidney is involved in the process of homeostasis in a mammal.

The table shows the concentration of glucose and urea in the blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine of an individual.

Table for Question 23 — Edexcel A-Level Biology A2

Explain the concentration of glucose and urea in the urine.
Use the information in the table to support your answer.

[Maximum number: 1]

The kidney is involved in the process of homeostasis in a mammal.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is required for homeostasis.

How many of these parts of the kidney respond to ADH?
- Bowman's capsule
- collecting duct
- loop of Henle
- proximal tubule

A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4

[Maximum number: 4]

The scientific article you have studied is adapted from an article in Clinical Nutrition entitled Muscle tissue changes with aging (July 2004).

Use the information from the scientific article and your own knowledge to answer the following questions.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone.

Describe how reduced production of testosterone in the male testes can result in reduced muscle protein (paragraph 5).

Edexcel A-Level Biology A2 7 Respiration Muscles and the Internal Environment Questions

Exam points

Covered syllabus points

Covered syllabus points

Question 1

Question (a)

Question (b)

Question (c)

Question (i)

Question 2

Question (a)

Question (i)

Question (ii)

Question (iii)

Question (b)

Question 3

Question (a)

Question (b)

Question (c)

Question (d)

Question (e)

Question 4

Question 5

Question 6

Question 7

Question 8

Question 9

Question 10

Question 11

Question (a)

Question (b)

Question 12

Question 13

Question (a)

Question (i)

Question (ii)

Question 14

Question 15

Question (a)

Question (i)

Question (ii)

Question (iii)

Question 16

Question (a)

Question (b)

Question 17

Question (a)

Question (b)

Question (i)

Question 18

Question 19

Question 20

Question 21

Question 22

Question 23

Question 24

Question 25