3.3.3—Managing and controlling pain

3.3.3 Managing and controlling pain.

• biological treatment: biochemical.
• psychological treatments: cognitive strategies (attention diversion, non-pain imagery and cognitive redefinition).
• alternative treatments: acupuncture; stimulation therapy/TENS.
• Relevant issues and debates and methodology for this topic include: application to everyday life, cultural differences, reductionism versus holism, determinism versus free-will, idiographic versus nomothetic, objective and subjective data.

This matters because —managing and controlling pain determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —managing and controlling pain to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: —Managing and controlling pain is not a universal recommendation. Check the syllabus scope, assumptions, units and the limits of the evidence before generalising.