CAIE A-Level Business 4.2.2 Just in Time (JIT)
Practise defining JIT, analysing low-inventory decisions, and evaluating whether adopting JIT suits a business case.
- Syllabus
- 2026–2028
- Course
- Business 9609
- Level
- AS
Practise defining JIT, analysing low-inventory decisions, and evaluating whether adopting JIT suits a business case.
Cobblestone Shoes (CS)
Yazeem is a highly skilled shoemaker. He opened CS in 1975, as a sole trader, to design and repair shoes. When Yazeem set up CS the main target market was professional people who wanted shoes to wear to work or to dress smartly. He produced the shoes using batch production and sold them in his own shop. Each design of shoe was made in a range of sizes and colours.
Abir has suggested that CS should adopt a just in time (JIT) approach to inventory management. By using JIT, she argues, CS would be able to increase its working capital and avoid having money tied up in inventory that might not be used or sold. CS currently has a large number of shoes on display in the shop. There is also a large amount of their
Recently there has a been an increase in low-priced shoes produced for the mass market, which has reduced Yazeem's sales of new shoes. It has also reduced the demand for shoe repairs.
Yazeem's daughter, Abir, is keen to take over the running of CS. She has been fully trained in making shoes and feels that it is time for Yazeem to retire.
Abir thinks that the business should be targeting niche markets. She would like to design and produce unique shoes and use price skimming to increase the profitability of the business.
Abir is also concerned about the contribution made on each batch of shoes. Table 2.1 shows some break-even data for a recent batch of shoes.

Table 2.1 Break-even data about a recent batch of shoes
main raw material, which is leather and must be kept in a climate-controlled storage area.
Abir has already found a new local supplier which is happy to deliver inventory as required.
Analyse two disadvantages to CS of adopting a JIT approach to inventory management.
Analyse two disadvantages to CS of adopting a JIT approach to inventory management.
2(c)
Indicative content
AO1 Knowledge and understanding
Knowledge of just in time inventory management (max 1 mark if no knowledge of disadvantage(s)), including:
- Orders made from suppliers as needed.
- Products produced as required by customers.
- Limited or zero inventory required to be held.
Knowledge of disadvantages of just in time (max 2 marks - annotate first disadvantage on left and second disadvantage on right), including:
- Risk of running out of stock.
- Reliance on (new) suppliers - frequency of ordering/deliveries
- Requires planning/time.
- Limited scope for mass/batch production (little scope for economies of scale) - increased average cost
- Finished product inventory cannot be used for promotional purposes.
- Difficult to forecast/budget
- Cost of infrastructure/capital
- Might be difficult to respond to changing demand.
AO2 Application
Context applied to a disadvantage of using JIT □ (max 2 marks), including:
- Currently selling to mass market (professionals for work or smart dress).
- Currently using batch production.
- Abir has suggested a move towards niche, unique (job produced) shoes.
- New local supplier suggested by Abir.
- Shoes on display in the shop.
- Raw material of leather must be in climate controlled storage.
- No current relationship to suggested new supplier.
- Range of sizes and colours.
2(c)
AO3 Analysis
Analysis of disadvantage(s) of using JIT, including:
Limited analysis - candidate shows one link in the chain of analysis.
Developed analysis - candidate shows two or more links in the chain of analysis or a two-sided analysis.
- Risk of running out of stock;
- may dissatisfy customers and lead to bad publicity - lower sales/profit.
- May lead Yazeem to be idle increasing costs - lower profitability.
- Reliance on suppliers; if the new local supplier is chosen then there is no current relationship, so shoe production may
be delayed - decreased sales/profit.
- Requires planning/time - If Yazeem/Abir are planning the logistics they may be less productive in producing shoes -
lower sales/profit.
- Limited scope for mass/batch production (little scope for economies of scale); increased costs - lower profitability.
- Finished product inventory cannot be used for promotional purposes; customers may not come into a show shop
without any shoes to try on - lower sales/profit.
Accept all valid responses.
Exemplars and annotations