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6. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

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  1. 6.1 Structure of Nucleic Acids and DNA Replication

    1. 6.1.1Nucleotide structure

      • Nucleotide structure, including phosphorylated nucleotide ATP

    2. 6.1.2Purines (adenine, guanine)

      • Purines (adenine, guanine): double ring structure

    3. 6.1.3Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil)

      • Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil): single ring structure

    4. 6.1.4DNA double helix structure

      • DNA double helix structure: - Complementary base pairing between antiparallel strands (5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′) - Hydrogen bonding differences: C-G vs A-T - Phosphodiester bonds linking nucleotides

    5. 6.1.5Semi-conservative DNA replication

      • Semi-conservative DNA replication during S phase: - Roles of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase - Leading strand vs lagging strand replication - DNA polymerase adds nucleotides only in 5′ to 3′ direction

    6. 6.1.6RNA (mRNA) structure

      • RNA (mRNA) structure

  2. 6.2 Protein Synthesis

    1. • Gene: sequence of nucleotides coding for a polypeptide

    2. • Universal genetic code: triplets code for amino acids or start/stop codons

    3. • Transcription and translation roles: - RNA polymerase - mRNA and codons - tRNA and anticodons - Ribosomes

    4. • Transcribed (template) strand vs non-transcribed strand

    5. • Post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotes: removal of introns, joining of exons

    6. • Gene mutations: changes in base pair sequence

    7. • Types of mutations: substitution, deletion, insertion

    8. • Effects on polypeptide produced