Practise how chloroplast structure, pigments and light-dependent reactions supply ATP and reduced NADP for carbon fixation and product formation in the Calvin cycle.
Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis.
Fig. 1.1 shows some structural features of a chloroplast and some processes that occur within it.
Fig. 1.1
Identify the structures labelled A in Fig. 1.1.
Explain how the structure and appearance of the granum, and the components labelled A, relate to their function.
Explain why pathway C is described as a cycle.
Photosynthesis is the energy transfer process that occurs in chloroplasts.
Fig. 5.1 shows some biochemical events that occur in a chloroplast during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis. Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) and some associated proteins of the thylakoid membrane are shown.
Fig. 5.1
A and B are areas of the chloroplast. Name areas A and B.
A
B
The group of proteins labelled C, PSI and the protein labelled E are involved in a specific biochemical process during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
Name this specific biochemical process and the protein labelled E.
process
E
Product D is used during the Calvin cycle.
Identify product D and describe its specific role in the Calvin cycle.
Fig. 8.1 is a diagram of a chloroplast.
Fig. 8.1
Using the letters K-N, complete Table 8.1.
Each letter may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Table 8.1
Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants.
Describe the role of other photosynthetic pigments found in plant chloroplasts.
The absorption of different wavelengths of light by chloroplast pigments can be represented by an absorption spectrum.
Fig. 8.2 is an absorption spectrum of an extract of chloroplast pigments and an absorption spectrum of whole chloroplasts.
Fig. 8.2
With reference to Fig. 8.2, describe the differences between the two spectra and suggest explanations for the differences.
Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis.
Fig. 1.1 shows some structural features of a chloroplast and some processes that occur within it.
Fig. 1.1
Explain how the structure and appearance of the granum, and the components labelled A, relate to their function.
Photosynthesis is the energy transfer process that occurs in chloroplasts.
Fig. 5.1 shows some biochemical events that occur in a chloroplast during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis. Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) and some associated proteins of the thylakoid membrane are shown.
Fig. 5.1
Product D is used during the Calvin cycle.
Identify product D and describe its specific role in the Calvin cycle.
Photosynthesis is the energy transfer process that occurs in chloroplasts.
Fig. 5.1 shows some biochemical events that occur in a chloroplast during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis. Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) and some associated proteins of the thylakoid membrane are shown.
Fig. 5.1
A and B are areas of the chloroplast. Name areas A and B.
A
B
Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants.
Describe the role of other photosynthetic pigments found in plant chloroplasts.
The absorption of different wavelengths of light by chloroplast pigments can be represented by an absorption spectrum.
Fig. 8.2 is an absorption spectrum of an extract of chloroplast pigments and an absorption spectrum of whole chloroplasts.
Fig. 8.2
With reference to Fig. 8.2, describe the differences between the two spectra and suggest explanations for the differences.
Fig. 1.1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of part of a chloroplast.
Fig. 1.1
Membranes of the type labelled C in Fig. 1.1 were made into a liquid extract. Chromatography was then used to separate and identify the coloured components (pigments) in this extract. The resulting chromatogram showed that these membranes contain a yellow pigment, an orange pigment, a green-brown pigment and two different green pigments.
Describe how you would carry out chromatography to separate and identify the coloured pigments in the liquid extract of C.
Photosynthesis is an energy transfer process that results in the production of carbohydrate. It has two stages: the light-dependent stage and the light-independent stage.
Cyclic photophosphorylation and non-cyclic photophosphorylation are essential pathways in photosynthesis that occur in the light-dependent stage.
Describe the similarities and differences between cyclic photophosphorylation and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
Photosynthesis is the energy transfer process that occurs in chloroplasts.
Fig. 5.1 shows some biochemical events that occur in a chloroplast during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis. Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) and some associated proteins of the thylakoid membrane are shown.
Fig. 5.1
The group of proteins labelled C, PSI and the protein labelled E are involved in a specific biochemical process during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.
Name this specific biochemical process and the protein labelled E.
process
E
Describe the process that produces oxygen during non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of changing light conditions on the pH of the chloroplast stroma. Scientists followed pH changes in chloroplast stroma using fluorescent chemicals that can be used as pH indicators.
- Chloroplasts were isolated from cells.
- A suspension of chloroplasts was prepared and kept in the dark for 180 seconds.
- The chloroplasts were exposed to a period of light of fixed intensity for 240 seconds, then returned to dark conditions.
- The pH of chloroplast stroma was continuously measured and recorded.
Fig. 3.2 shows the results of this experiment.
Fig. 3.2
Discuss how the results in Fig. 3.2 support that chemiosmosis occurs during photophosphorylation.
Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis.
Fig. 1.1 shows some structural features of a chloroplast and some processes that occur within it.
Fig. 1.1
Explain why pathway C is described as a cycle.
Some Calvin cycle intermediates are used to produce other molecules that are not part of the Calvin cycle.
Name two of these intermediates.
For each intermediate, state one example of the type of molecule that is produced.
intermediate
molecule produced
intermediate
molecule produced