Formula reference—Hardy-Weinberg equations

Use p+q=1 and p²+2pq+q²=1 to connect allele and genotype frequencies.

Identify whether the supplied value is an allele frequency, homozygous genotype frequency or heterozygote frequency before rearranging.

If q² is known, take the square root to find q, then calculate p and 2pq.

The equations are a model with assumptions; they are not a universal description of every population.