IB ESS 5.1.17 (HL) A horizon (topsoil)

IB Environmental Systems and Societies syllabusESS SL/HLFirst assessment 2026

Practise explaining why A horizon topsoil supports plant growth and how succession, erosion or degradation can change soil quality.

How this is tested

compare pioneer and climax soils using organic matter, leaf litter and mineral availability
explain why A horizon topsoil is productive but vulnerable to erosion and degradation

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