Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.1.1—Soil as dynamic system

5.1.2—Soil composition

5.1.3—Soil profiles and horizons

5.1.4—Soil system inputs

5.1.5—Soil system outputs

5.1.6—Soil transfers

5.1.7—Soil transformations

5.1.8—Soil flow diagrams

5.1.9—Soil foundation role

5.1.10—Soil and biodiversity

5.1.11—Soil in element recycling

5.1.12—Soil texture

5.1.13—Texture affects productivity

5.1.14—Soil carbon role

5.1.15 (HL)—Soil classification

5.1.16 (HL)—Soil horizons

5.1.17 (HL)—A horizon (topsoil)

5.1.18 (HL)—Soil formation factors

5.1.19 (HL)—Sand, silt, clay differences

5.1.20 (HL)—Soil property analysis

5.1.21 (HL)—Carbon release from soils

5.2 Agriculture and food

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

IB ESS HL 5.1.16 (HL)—Soil horizons Question Bank

• O: organic layer

• A: mixed layer (topsoil)

• B: mineral soil

• C: parent rock

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