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5 Solids, liquids and gases

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  1. Solids, liquids and gases units

    1. 5.1Matter units

      Use the units degree Celsius (°C), kelvin (K), joule (J), kilogram (kg), kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m³), metre (m), square metre (m²), cubic metre (m³), metre per second (m/s), metre per second squared (m/s²), newton (N) and pascal (Pa).

    2. 5.2PSpecific heat capacity unit

      Use the unit joule per kilogram degree Celsius, J/(kg °C).

  2. (b) Density and pressure

    1. 5.3Density equation

      Know and use density = mass ÷ volume, ρ = m/V.

    2. 5.4Density practical

      Practical: investigate density using direct measurements of mass and volume

    3. 5.5Pressure equation

      Know and use pressure = force ÷ area, p = F/A.

    4. 5.6Pressure in fluids

      Understand how the pressure at a point in a gas or liquid at rest acts equally in all directions

    5. 5.7Pressure difference equation

      Know and use pressure difference = height × density × gravitational field strength, p = hρg.

  3. (c) Change of state

    1. 5.8PHeating and energy stores

      Explain why heating a system will change the energy stored within the system and raise its temperature or produce changes of state

    2. 5.9PMelting, evaporation and boiling

      Describe the changes that occur when a solid melts to form a liquid, and when a liquid evaporates or boils to form a gas

    3. 5.10PParticle arrangement and motion

      Describe the arrangement and motion of particles in solids, liquids and gases

    4. 5.11PChange of state practical

      Practical: obtain a temperature–time graph to show the constant temperature during a change of state

    5. 5.12PSpecific heat capacity

      Know that specific heat capacity is the energy required to change the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius per kilogram of mass (J/kg °C)

    6. 5.13PThermal energy equation

      Use change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × change in temperature, ΔQ = mcΔT.

    7. 5.14PSpecific heat capacity practical

      Practical: investigate the specific heat capacity of materials including water and some solids

  4. (d) Ideal gas molecules

    1. 5.15Gas pressure

      Explain how molecules in a gas have random motion and that they exert a force, and hence a pressure, on the walls of a container

    2. 5.16Absolute zero

      Understand why there is an absolute zero of temperature, which is –273 °C

    3. 5.17Kelvin scale

      Describe the Kelvin scale of temperature and be able to convert between the Kelvin and Celsius scales

    4. 5.18Temperature and gas molecule speed

      Understand why an increase in temperature results in an increase in the average speed of gas molecules

    5. 5.19Kelvin temperature and kinetic energy

      Know that the Kelvin temperature of a gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules

    6. 5.20Gas pressure relationships

      Explain, for a fixed amount of gas, the qualitative relationship between: • pressure and volume at constant temperature • pressure and Kelvin temperature at constant volume

    7. 5.21Pressure-temperature relationship

      Use p₁/T₁ = p₂/T₂ for the pressure and kelvin temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume.

    8. 5.22Pressure-volume relationship

      Use p₁V₁ = p₂V₂ for the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature.